Self-processing plants and plant parts

ABSTRACT

The invention provides polynucleotides, preferably synthetic polynucleotides, which encode processing enzymes that are optimized for expression in plants. The polynucleotides encode mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic processing enzymes, which are activated under suitable activating conditions to act upon the desired substrate. Also provided are “self-processing” transgenic plants, and plant parts, e.g., grain, which express one or more of these enzymes and have an altered composition that facilitates plant and grain processing. Methods for making and using these plants, e.g., to produce food products having improved taste and to produce fermentable substrates for the production of ethanol and fermented beverages are also provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to Application Serial No. 60/315,281, filed Aug. 27, 2001, which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention generally relates to the field of plant molecular biology, and more specifically, to the creation of plants that express a processing enzyme which provides a desired characteristic to the plant or products thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Enzymes are used to process a variety of agricultural products such as wood, fruits and vegetables, starches, juices, and the like. Typically, processing enzymes are produced and recovered on an industrial scale from various sources, such as microbial fermentation (Bacillus α-amylase), or isolation from plants (coffee β-galactosidase or papain from plant parts). Enzyme preparations are used in different processing applications by mixing the enzyme and the substrate under the appropriate conditions of moisture, temperature, time, and mechanical mixing such that the enzymatic reaction is achieved in a commercially viable manner. The methods involve separate steps of enzyme production, manufacture of an enzyme preparation, mixing the enzyme and substrate, and subjecting the mixture to the appropriate conditions to facilitate the enzymatic reaction. A method that reduces or eliminates the time, energy, mixing, capital expenses, and/or enzyme production costs, or results in improved or novel products, would be useful and beneficial. One example of where such improvements are needed is in the area of corn milling.

[0004] Today corn is milled to obtain cornstarch and other corn-milling co-products such as corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, and corn oil. The starch obtained from the process is often further processed into other products such as derivatized starches and sugars, or fermented to make a variety of products including alcohols or lactic acid. Processing of cornstarch often involves the use of enzymes, in particular, enzymes that hydrolyze and convert starch into fermentable sugars or fructose (α- and gluco-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, and the like). The process used commercially today is capital intensive as construction of very large mills is required to process corn on scales required for reasonable cost-effectiveness. In addition the process requires the separate manufacture of starch-hydrolyzing or modifying enzymes and then the machinery to mix the enzyme and substrate to produce the hydrolyzed starch products.

[0005] The process of starch recovery from corn grain is well known and involves a wet-milling process. Corn wet-milling includes the steps of steeping the corn kernel, grinding the corn kernel and separating the components of the kernel. The kernels are steeped in a steep tank with a countercurrent flow of water at about 120° F. and the kernels remain in the steep tank for 24 to 48 hours. This steepwater typically contains sulfur dioxide at a concentration of about 0.2% by weight. Sulfur dioxide is employed in the process to help reduce microbial growth and also to reduce disulfide bonds in endosperm proteins to facilitate more efficient starch-protein separation. Normally, about 0.59 gallons of steepwater is used per bushel of corn. The steepwater is considered waste and often contains undesirable levels of residual sulfur dioxide.

[0006] The steeped kernels are then dewatered and subjected to sets of attrition type mills. The first set of attrition type mills rupture the kernels releasing the germ from the rest of the kernel. A commercial attrition type mill suitable for the wet milling business is sold under the brand name Bauer. Centrifugation is used to separate the germ from the rest of the kernel. A typical commercial centrifugation separator is the Merco centrifugal separator. Attrition mills and centrifugal separators are large expensive items that use energy to operate.

[0007] In the next step of the process, the remaining kernel components including the starch, hull, fiber, and gluten are subjected to another set of attrition mills and passed through a set of wash screens to separate the fiber components from the starch and gluten (endosperm protein). The starch and gluten pass through the screens while the fiber does not. Centrifugation or a third grind followed by centrifugation is used to separate the starch from the endosperm protein. Centrifugation produces a starch slurry which is dewatered, then washed with fresh water and dried to about 12% moisture. The substantially pure starch is typically further processed by the use of enzymes.

[0008] The separation of starch from the other components of the grain is performed because removing the seed coat, embryo and endosperm proteins allows one to efficiently contact the starch with processing enzymes, and the resulting hydrolysis products are relatively free from contaminants from the other kernel components. Separation also ensures that other components of the grain are effectively recovered and can be subsequently sold as co-products to increase the revenues from the mill.

[0009] After the starch is recovered from the wet-milling process it typically undergoes the processing steps of gelatinization, liquefaction and dextrinization for maltodextrin production, and subsequent steps of saccharification, isomerization and refining for the production of glucose, maltose and fructose.

[0010] Gelatinization is employed in the hydrolysis of starch because currently available enzymes cannot rapidly hydrolyze crystalline starch. To make the starch available to the hydrolytic enzymes, the starch is typically made into a slurry with water (20-40% dry solids) and heated at the appropriate gelling temperature. For cornstarch this temperature is between 105-110° C. The gelatinized starch is typically very viscous and is therefore thinned in the next step called liquefaction. Liquefaction breaks some of the bonds between the glucose molecules of the starch and is accomplished enzymatically or through the use of acid. Heat-stable endo α-amylase enzymes are used in this step, and in the subsequent step of dextrinization. The extent of hydrolysis is controlled in the dextrinization step to yield hydrolysis products of the desired percentage of dextrose.

[0011] Further hydrolysis of the dextrin products from the liquefaction step is carried out by a number of different exo-amylases and debranching enzymes, depending on the products that are desired. And finally if fructose is desired then immobilized glucose isomerase enzyme is typically employed to convert glucose into fructose.

[0012] Dry-mill processes of making fermentable sugars (and then ethanol, for example) from cornstarch facilitate efficient contacting of exogenous enzymes with starch. These processes are less capital intensive than wet-milling but significant cost advantages are still desirable, as often the co-products derived from these processes are not as valuable as those derived from wet-milling. For example, in dry milling corn, the kernel is ground into a powder to facilitate efficient contact of starch by degrading enzymes. After enzyme hydrolysis of the corn flour the residual solids have some feed value as they contain proteins and some other components. Eckhoff recently described the potential for improvements and the relevant issues related to dry milling in a paper entitled “Fermentation and costs of fuel ethanol from corn with quick-germ process” (Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 94: 41 (2001)). The “quick germ” method allows for the separation of the oil-rich germ from the starch using a reduced steeping time.

[0013] One example where the regulation and/or level of endogenous processing enzymes in a plant can result in a desirable product is sweet corn. Typical sweet corn varieties are distinguished from field corn varieties by the fact that sweet corn is not capable of normal levels of starch biosynthesis. Genetic mutations in the genes encoding enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis are typically employed in sweet corn varieties to limit starch biosynthesis. Such mutations are in the genes encoding starch synthases and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (such as the sugary and super-sweet mutations). Fructose, glucose and sucrose, which are the simple sugars necessary for producing the palatable sweetness that consumers of edible fresh corn desire, accumulate in the developing endosperm of such mutants. However, if the level of starch accumulation is too high, such as when the corn is left to mature for too long (late harvest) or the corn is stored for an excessive period before it is consumed, the product loses sweetness and takes on a starchy taste and mouthfeel. The harvest window for sweet corn is therefore quite narrow, and shelf-life is limited.

[0014] Another significant drawback to the farmer who plants sweet corn varieties is that the usefulness of these varieties is limited exclusively to edible food. If a farmer wanted to forego harvesting his sweet corn for use as edible food during seed development, the crop would be essentially a loss. The grain yield and quality of sweet corn is poor for two fundamental reasons. The first reason is that mutations in the starch biosynthesis pathway cripple the starch biosynthetic machinery and the grains do not fill out completely, causing the yield and quality to be compromised. Secondly, due to the high levels of sugars present in the grain and the inability to sequester these sugars as starch, the overall sink strength of the seed is reduced, which exacerbates the reduction of nutrient storage in the grain. The endosperms of sweet corn variety seeds are shrunken and collapsed, do not undergo proper desiccation, and are susceptible to diseases. The poor quality of the sweet corn grain has further agronomic implications; as poor seed viability, poor germination, seedling disease susceptibility, and poor early seedling vigor result from the combination of factors caused by inadequate starch accumulation. Thus, the poor quality issues of sweet corn impact the consumer, farmer/grower, distributor, and seed producer.

[0015] Thus, for dry-milling, there is a need for a method which improves the efficiency of the process and/or increases the value of the co-products. For wet-milling, there is a need for a method of processing starch that does not require the equipment necessary for prolonged steeping, grinding, milling, and/or separating the components of the kernel. For example, there is a need to modify or eliminate the steeping step in wet milling as this would reduce the amount of waste water requiring disposal, thereby saving energy and time, and increasing mill capacity (kernels would spend less time in steep tanks). There is also a need to eliminate or improve the process of separating the starch-containing endosperm from the embryo.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present invention is directed to self-processing plants and plant parts and methods of using the same. The self-processing plant and plant parts of the present invention are capable of expressing and activating enzyme(s) (mesophilic, thermophilic, and/or hyperthermophilic). Upon activation of the enzyme(s) (mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic) the plant or plant part is capable of self-processing the substrate upon which it acts to obtain the desired result.

[0017] The present invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide a) comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or the complement thereof, or a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase, pullulanase, αglucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity or b) encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, or 51 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide comprising a first polypeptide and a second peptide, wherein said first polypeptide has α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity. Most preferably, the second peptide comprises a signal sequence peptide, which may target the first polypeptide to a vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant. For example, the signal sequence may be an N-terminal signal sequence from waxy, an N-terminal signal sequence from γ-zein, a starch binding domain, or a C-terminal starch binding domain. Polynucleotides that hybridize to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase activity; to the complement of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having pullulanase activity; to the complement of SEQ ID NO:6 and encodes a polypeptide having α-glucosidase activity; to the complement of of any one of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having glucose isomerase activity; to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having glucoamylase activity are further encompassed.

[0018] Moreover, an expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide a) having SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or the complement thereof, or a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes an polypeptide having α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity or b) encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, or 51, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. Preferably, the expression cassette further comprises a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide, such as an inducible promoter, tissue-specific promoter, or preferably an endosperm-specific promoter. Preferably, the endosperm-specific promoter is a maize γ-zein promoter or a maize ADP-gpp promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:12. Moreover, in another preferred embodiment the polynucleotide is oriented in sense orientation relative to the promoter. The expression cassette of the present invention may further encode a signal sequence which is operably linked to the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide. The signal sequence preferably targets the operably linked polypeptide to a vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant. Preferably signal sequences include an N-terminal signal sequence from waxy, an N-terminal signal sequence from γ-zein, or a starch binding domain.

[0019] The present invention is further directed to a vector or cell comprising the expression cassettes of the present invention. The cell may be selected from the group consisting of an Agrobacterium, a monocot cell, a dicot cell, a Liliopsida cell, a Panicoideae cell, a maize cell, and a cereal cell. Preferably, the cell is a maize cell.

[0020] Moreover, the present invention encompasses a plant stably transformed with the vectors of the present invention. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an α-amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 9 is provided. Preferably, the α-amylase is hyperthermophilic.

[0021] In another embodiment, a plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a pullulanase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:24 or 34, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:4 or 25 is provided. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an α-glucosidase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:26 or 27, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6 is further provided. Preferably, the α-glucosidase is hyperthermophilic. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an glucose isomerase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:18, 20, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, pr 44, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43 is further described herein. Preferably, the glucose isomerase is hyperthermophilic. In another embodiment, a plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a glucose amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:45, 47, or 49, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:46, 48, 50, or 59 is described. Preferably, the glucose amylase is hyperthermophilic.

[0022] Plant products, such as seed, fruit or grain from the stably transformed plants of the present invention are further provided.

[0023] In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the plant. The plant may be a monocot, such as maize, or a dicot. Preferably, the plant is a cereal plant or a commercially grown plant. The processing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of an α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, glucanase, β-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, amylopullulanase, cellulase, exo-1,4-β-cellobiohydrolase, exo-1,3-β-D-glucanase, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, L-arabinase, α-arabinosidase, galactanase, galactosidase, mannanase, mannosidase, xylanase, xylosidase, protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase. Preferably, the processing enzyme is a starch-processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, β-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, and amylopullulanase. More preferably, the enzyme is selected from α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase. The processing enzyme is further preferably hyperthermophilic. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the enzyme may be a non-starch degrading enzyme selected from the group consisting of protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase. Such enzymes may further be hyperthermophilic. In a preffered embodiment, the enzyme accumulates in the vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant. Moreover, in another embodiment, the genome of plant may be further augmented with a second recombinant polynucleotide comprising a non-hyperthermophilic enzyme.

[0024] In another aspect of the invention, provided is a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase, operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the plant. Preferably, the processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic and maize.

[0025] Another embodiment is directed to a transformed maize plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase, operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the maize plant. Preferably, the the processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0026] A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence is provided. Additionally, a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence is described. In another embodiment, a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 6, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence. Moreover, a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43 is described. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59.

[0027] Products of the transformed plants are further envisioned herein. The product, for example, include seed, fruit, or grain. The product may alternatively be the processing enzyme, starch or sugar.

[0028] A plant obtained from the stably transformed plants of the present invention are further described. In this aspect, the plant may be a hybrid plant or an inbred plant.

[0029] A starch composition is a further embodiment of the invention comprising at least one processing enzyme which is a protease, glucanase, or esterase. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0030] Grain is another embodiment of the invention comprising at least one processing enzyme, which is an α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, or glucose isomerase. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0031] In another embodiment, a method of preparing starch granules, comprising;

[0032] treating grain which comprises at least one non-starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, yielding a mixture comprising starch granules and non-starch degradation products, wherein the grain is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and separating starch granules from the mixture is provided. Therein, the enzyme is preferably a protease, glucanase, xylanase, phytase, or esterase. Moreover, the enzyme is preferably hyperthermophilic. The grain may be cracked grain and/or may be treated under low or high moisture conditions. Alternativley, the grain may treated with sulfur dioxide. The present invention may preferably further comprise separating non-starch products from the mixture. The starch products and non-starch products obtained by this method are further described.

[0033] In yet another embodiment, a method to produce hypersweet corn comprising treating transformed corn or a part thereof, the genome of which is augmented with and expresses in the endosperm an expression cassette encoding at least one starch-degrading or starch-isomerizing enzyme, under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme so as to convert polysaccharides in the corn into sugar, yielding hypersweet corn is provided. The expression cassette preferably further comprises a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the enzyme. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter, seed-specific promoter, or endosperm-specific promoter, for example. Preferably, the enzyme is a hyperthermophilic. More preferably, the enzyme is α-amylase. The expression cassette used herein may further comprise a polynucleotide which encodes a signal sequence operably linked to the at least one enzyme. The signal sequence may direct the hyperthermophilic enzyme to the apoplast or the endoplasmic reticulum, for example. Preferably, the enzyme comprises any one of SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35.

[0034] In a most preferred embodiment, a method of producing hypersweet corn comprising treating transformed corn or a part thereof, the genome of which is augmented with and expresses in the endosperm an expression cassette encoding an α-amylase, under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme so as to convert polysaccharides in the corn into sugar, yielding hypersweet corn is described. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic and the hyperthermophilic α-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof having α-amylase activity.

[0035] A method to prepare a solution of hydrolyzed starch product comprising; treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising hydrolyzed starch product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising the hydrolyzed starch product is described herein. The hydrolyzed starch product may comprise a dextrin, maltooligosaccharide, glucose and/or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, amylopullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. Moreover, preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. In another aspect, the genome of the plant part may be further augmented with an expression cassette encoding a non-hyperthermophilic starch processing enzyme. The non-hyperthermophilic starch processing enzyme may be selected from the group consisting of amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or a combination thereof. In yet another aspect, the processing enzyme is preferably expressed in the endosperm. Preferably, the plant part is grain, and is from corn, wheat, barley, rye, oat, sugar cane or rice. Preferably, the at least one processing enzyme is operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to the starch granule or the endoplasmic reticulum, or to the cell wall. The method may further comprise isolating the hydrolyzed starch product and/or fermenting the hydrolyzed starch product.

[0036] In another aspect of the invention, a method of preparing hydrolyzed starch product comprising treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising a hydrolyzed starch product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding at least one α-amylase; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising hydrolyzed starch product is described. Preferably, the α-amylase is hyperthermophilic and more preferably, the hyperthermophilic α-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or an active fragment thereof having α-amylase activity. Preferably, the expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide selected from any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or 52, a complement thereof, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes to any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or 52 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase activity. Moreover, the invention further provides for the genome of the transformed plant further comprising a polynucleotide encoding a non-thermophilic starch-processing enzyme. Alternatively, the plant part may be treated with a non-hyperthermophilic starch-processing enzyme.

[0037] The present invention is further directed to a transformed plant part comprising at least one starch-processing enzyme present in the cells of the plant, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme. Preferably, the enzyme is a starch-processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, β-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, and amylopullulanase. Moreover, the enzyme is preferably hyperthermophilic. The plant may be any plant, but is preferably corn.

[0038] Another embodiment of the invention is a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme present in the cell wall or the cells of the plant, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch processing enzyme or at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. Moreover, the non-starch processing enzyme is preferably selected from the group consisting of protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase. The plant part can be any plant part, but preferably is an ear, seed, fruit, grain, stover, chaff, or bagasse.

[0039] The present invention is also directed to transformed plant parts. For example, a transformed plant part comprising an α-amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or 52, a transformed plant part comprising an α-glucosidase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 5, 26 or 27, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6, a transformed plant part comprising a glucose isomerase having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, or 44, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43, a transformed plant part comprising a glucoamylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 or SEQ ID NO:47, or SEQ ID NO:49, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59, and a transformed plant part comprising a pullulanase encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25 are described.

[0040] Another embodiment is a method of converting starch in the transformed plant part comprising activating the starch processing enzyme contained therein. The starch, dextrin, maltooligosaccharide or sugar produced according to this method is further described.

[0041] The present invention further describes a method of using a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme in the cell wall or the cell of the plant part, comprising treating a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions so as to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting non-starch polysaccharide to form an aqueous solution comprising oligosaccharide and/or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising the oligosaccharides and/or sugars. Preferably, the non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0042] A method of using transformed seeds comprising at least one processing enzyme, comprising treating transformed seeds which comprise at least one protease or lipase under conditions so as the activate the at least one enzyme yielding an aqueous mixture comprising amino acids and fatty acids, wherein the seed is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and collecting the aqueous mixture. The amino acids, fatty acids or both are preferably isolated. Preferably, the at least one protease or lipase is hyperthermophilic.

[0043] A method to prepare ethanol comprising treating a plant part comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form oligosaccharide or fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme; and incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar or oligosaccharide into ethanol. Preferably, the the plant part is a grain, fruit, seed, stalks, wood, vegetable or root. Preferably, the plant part is obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of oats, barley, wheat, berry, grapes, rye, corn, rice, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapple, grasses and trees. In another preferred embodiment, the polysaccharide processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, pullulanase, or a combination thereof.

[0044] A method to prepare ethanol comprising treating a plant part comprising at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or pullulanase, or a combination thereof, with heat for an amount of time and under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol is provided. Preferably, the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic or mesophilic.

[0045] In another embodiment, a method to prepare ethanol comprising treating a plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting non-starch polysaccharide to oligosaccharide and fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol is provided. Preferably, the non-starch processing enzyme is a glucanase, xylanase or cellulase.

[0046] A method to prepare ethanol comprising treating a plant part comprising at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or pullulanase, or a combination thereof, under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol is further provided. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0047] Moreover, a method to produce a sweetened farinaceous food product without adding additional sweetener comprising treating a plant part comprising at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby processing starch granules in the plant part to sugars so as to form a sweetened product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and processing the sweetened product into a farinaceous food product is described. The farinaceous food product may be formed from the sweetened product and water. Moreover, the farinaceous food product may contain malt, flavorings, vitamins, minerals, coloring agents or any combination thereof. Preferably, the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic. The enzyme may be selected from α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. The plant may further be selected from the group consisting of soybean, rye, oats, barley, wheat, corn, rice and sugar cane. Preferably, the farinaceous food product is a cereal food, a breakfast food, a ready to eat food, or a baked food. The processing may include baking, boiling, heating, steaming, electrical discharge or any combination thereof.

[0048] The present invention is further directed to a method to sweeten a starch-containing product without adding sweetener comprising treating starch comprising at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting the starch to form a sugar to form sweetened starch, wherein the starch is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and adding the sweetened starch to a product to produce a sweetened starch containing product. Preferably, the transformed plant is selected from the group consisting of corn, soybean, rye, oats, barley, wheat, rice and sugar cane. Preferably, the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic. More preferably, the at least one enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof.

[0049] A farinaceous food product and sweetened starch containing product is provided for herein.

[0050] The invention is also directed to a method to sweeten a polysaccharide-containing fruit or vegetable comprising treating a fruit or vegetable comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby processing the polysaccharide in the fruit or vegetable to form sugar, yielding a sweetened fruit or vegetable, wherein the fruit or vegetable is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme. The fruit or vegetable is selected from the group consisting of potato, tomato, banana, squash, peas, and beans. Preferably, the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0051] The present invention is further directed to a method of preparing an aqueous solution comprising sugar comprising treating starch granules obtained from the plant part under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby yielding an aqueous solution comprising sugar.

[0052] Another embodiment is directed to a method of preparing starch derived products from grain that does not involve wet or dry milling grain prior to recovery of starch-derived products comprising treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising the starch derived product. Preferably, the at least one starch processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0053] A method of isolating an α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase comprising culturing the transformed plant and isolating the α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase therefrom is further provided. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0054] A method of preparing maltodextrin comprising mixing transgenic grain with water, heating said mixture, separating solid from the dextrin syrup generated, and collecting the maltodextrin. Preferably, the transgenic grain comprises at least one starch processing enzyme. Preferably, the starch processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose isomerase. Moreover, maltodextrin produced by the method is provided as well as composition produced by this method.

[0055] A method of preparing dextrins, or sugars from grain that does not involve mechanical disruption of the grain prior to recovery of starch-derived comprising: treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising sugar and/or dextrins is provided.

[0056] The present invention is further directed to a method of producing fermentable sugar comprising treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising the fermentable sugar.

[0057] Moreover, a maize plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a hyperthermophlic α-amylase is provided herein. For example, preferably, a maize plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes α-amylase that is greater than 60% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 51 is encompassed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0058]FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate the activity of α-amylase expressed in corn kernels and in the endosperm from segregating T1 kernels from pNOV6201 plants and from six pNOV6200 lines.

[0059]FIG. 2 illustrates the activity of α-amylase in segregating T1 kernels from pNOV6201 lines.

[0060]FIG. 3 depicts the amount of ethanol produced upon fermentation of mashes of transgenic corn containing thermostable 797GL3 alpha amylase that were subjected to liquefaction times of up to 60 minutes at 85° C. and 95° C. This figure illustrates that the ethanol yield at 72 hours of fermentation was almost unchanged from 15 minutes to 60 minutes of liquefaction. Moreover, it shows that mash produced by liquefaction at 95° C. produced more ethanol at each time point than mash produced by liquefaction at 85° C.

[0061]FIG. 4 depicts the amount of residual starch (%) remaining after fermentation of mashes of transgenic corn containing thermostable alpha amylase that were subjected to a liquefaction time of up to 60 minutes at 85° C. and 95° C. This figure illustrates that the ethanol yield at 72 hours of fermentation was almost unchanged from 15 minutes to 60 minutes of liquefaction. Moreover, it shows that mash produced by liquefaction at 95° C. produced more ethanol at each time point than mash produced by liquefaction at 85° C.

[0062]FIG. 5 depicts the ethanol yields for mashes of a transgenic corn, control corn, and various mixtures thereof prepared at 85° C. and 95° C. This figure illustrates that the transgenic corn comprising α-amylase results in significant improvement in making starch available for fermentation since there was a reduction of starch left over after fermentation.

[0063]FIG. 6 depicts the amount of residual starch measured in dried stillage following fermentation for mashes of a transgenic grain, control corn, and various mixtures thereof at prepared at 85° C. and 95° C.

[0064]FIG. 7 depicts the ethanol yields as a function of fermentation time of a sample comprising 3% transgenic corn over a period of 20-80 hours at various pH ranges from 5.2-6.4. The figure illustrates that the fermentation conducted at a lower pH proceeds faster than at a pH of 6.0 or higher.

[0065]FIG. 8 depicts the ethanol yields during fermentation of a mash comprising various weight percentages of transgenic corn from 0-12 wt % at various pH ranges from 5.2-6.4. This figure illustrates that the ethanol yield was independent of the amount of transgenic grain included in the sample.

[0066]FIG. 9 shows the analysis of T2 seeds from different events transformed with pNOV 7005. High expression of pullulanase activity, compared to the non-transgenic control, can be detected in a number of events.

[0067]FIGS. 10A and 10B show the results of the HPLC analysis of the hydrolytic products generated by expressed pullulanase from starch in the transgenic corn flour.—Incubation of the flour of pullulanase expressing corn in reaction buffer at 75° C. for 30 minutes results in production of medium chain oligosaccharides (degree of polymerization (DP) ˜10-30) and short amylose chains (DP ˜100-200) from cornstarch. FIGS. 10A and 10B also show the effect of added calcium ions on the activity of the pullulanase.

[0068]FIGS. 11A and 11B depict the data generated from HPLC analysis of the starch hydrolysis product from two reaction mixtures. The first reaction indicated as ‘Amylase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and non-transgenic corn A188; and the second reaction mixture ‘Amylase+Pullulanase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and pullulanase expressing transgenic corn.

[0069]FIG. 12 depicts the amount of sugar product in μg in 25 μl of reaction mixture for two reaction mixtures. The first reaction indicated as ‘Amylase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and non-transgenic corn A188; and the second reaction mixture ‘Amylase+Pullulanase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and pullulanase expressing transgenic corn.

[0070]FIGS. 13A and 13B shows the starch hydrolysis product from two sets of reaction mixtures at the end of 30 minutes incubation at 85° C. and 95° C. For each set there are two reaction mixtures; the first reaction indicated as ‘Amylase X Pullulanase’ contains flour from transgenic corn (generated by cross pollination) expressing both the α-amylase and the pullulanase, and the second reaction indicated as ‘Amylase’ mixture of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and non-transgenic corn A188 in a ratio so as to obtain same amount of α-amylase activity as is observed in the cross (Amylase X Pullulanase).

[0071]FIG. 14 depicts the degradation of starch to glucose using non-transgenic corn seed (control), transgenic corn seed comprising the 797GL3 α-amylase, and a combination of 797GL3 transgenic corn seed with Mal A α-glucosidase.

[0072]FIG. 15 depicts the conversion of raw starch at room temperature or 30° C. In this figure, the reaction mixtures 1 and 2 are a combination of water and starch at room temperature and 30° C., respectively. Reaction mixtures 3 and 4 are a combination of barley α-amylase and starch at room temperature and at 30° C., respectively. Reaction mixtures 5 and 6 are combinations of Thermoanaerobacterium glucoamylase and starch at room temperature and 30° C., respectively. Reactions mixtures 7 and 8 are combinations of barley α-amylase (sigma) and Thermoanaerobacterium glucoamylase and starch at room temperature and 30° C., respectively. Reaction mixtures 9 and 10 are combinations of Barley alpha-amylase (sigma) control, and starch at room temperature and 30° C., respectively. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the products of the Thermoanaerobacterium glucoamylase is indicated.

[0073]FIG. 16 depicts the production of fructose from amylase transgenic corn flour using a combination of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, and glucose isomerase as described in Example 19. Amylase corn flour was mixed with enzyme solutions plus water or buffer. All reactions contained 60 mg amylase flour and a total of 600 μl of liquid and were incubated for 2 hours at 90° C.

[0074]FIG. 17 depicts the peak areas of the products of reaction with 100% amylase flour from a self-processing kernel as a function of incubation time from 0-1200 minutes at 90° C.

[0075]FIG. 18 depicts the peak areas of the products of reaction with 10% transgenic amylase flour from a self-processing kernel and 90% control corn flour as a function of incubation time from 0-1200 minutes at 90° C.

[0076]FIG. 19 provides the results of the HPLC analysis of transgenic amylase flour incubated at 70°, 80°, 90°, or 100° C. for up to 90 minutes to assess the effect of temperature on starch hydrolysis.

[0077]FIG. 20 depicts ELSD peak area for samples containing 60 mg transgenic amylase flour mixed with enzyme solutions plus water or buffer under various reaction conditions. One set of reactions was buffered with 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0 at room temperature, plus 10 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM CoCl₂; in a second set of reactions the metal-containing buffer solution was replaced by water. All reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 90° C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0078] In accordance with the present invention, a “self-processing” plant or plant part has incorporated therein an isolated polynucleotide encoding a processing enzyme capable of processing, e.g., modifying, starches, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and the like in plants, wherein the processing enzyme can be mesophilic, thermophilic or hyperthermophilic, and may be activated by grinding, addition of water, heating, or otherwise providing favorable conditions for function of the enzyme. The isolated polynucleotide encoding the processing enzyme is integrated into a plant or plant part for expression therein. Upon expression and activation of the processing enzyme, the plant or plant part of the present invention processes the substrate upon which the processing enzyme acts. Therefore, the plant or plant parts of the present invention are capable of self-processing the substrate of the enzyme upon activation of the processing enzyme contained therein in the absence of or with reduced external sources normally required for processing these substrates. As such, the transformed plants, transformed plant cells, and transformed plant parts have “built-in” processing capabilities to process desired substrates via the enzymes incorporated therein according to this invention. Preferably, the processing enzyme-encoding polynucleotide are “genetically stable,” i.e., the polynucleotide is stably maintained in the transformed plant or plant parts of the present invention and stably inherited by progeny through successive generations.

[0079] In accordance with the present invention, methods which employ such plants and plant parts can eliminate the need to mill or otherwise physically disrupt the integrity of plant parts prior to recovery of starch-derived products. For example, the invention provides improved methods for processing corn and other grain to recover starch-derived products. The invention also provides a method which allows for the recovery of starch granules that contain levels of starch degrading enzymes, in or on the granules, that are adequate for the hydrolysis of specific bonds within the starch without the requirement for adding exogenously produced starch hydrolyzing enzymes. The invention also provides improved products from the self-processing plant or plant parts obtained by the methods of the invention.

[0080] In addition, the “self-processing” transformed plant part, e.g., grain, and transformed plant avoid major problems with existing technology, i.e., processing enzymes are typically produced by fermentation of microbes, which requires isolating the enzymes from the culture supernatants, which costs money; the isolated enzyme needs to be formulated for the particular application, and processes and machinery for adding, mixing and reacting the enzyme with its substrate must be developed. The transformed plant of the invention or a part thereof is also a source of the processing enzyme itself as well as substrates and products of that enzyme, such as sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and starch and non-starch polysaccharides. The plant of the invention may also be employed to prepare progeny plants such as hybrids and inbreds.

Processing Enzymes and Polynucleotides Encoding Them

[0081] A polynucleotide encoding a processing enzyme (mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic) is introduced into a plant or plant part. The processing enzyme is selected based on the desired substrate upon which it acts as found in plants or transgenic plants and/or the desired end product. For example, the processing enzyme may be a starch-processing enzyme, such as a starch-degrading or starch-isomerizing enzyme, or a non-starch processing enzyme. Suitable processing enzymes include, but are not limited to, starch degrading or isomerizing enzymes including, for example, α-amylase, endo or exo-1,4, or 1,6-α-D, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, β-amylases, α-glucosidases, and other exo-amylases; and starch debranching enzymes, such as isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, amylopullulanase and the like, glycosyl transferases such as cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase and the like, cellulases such as exo-1,4-β-cellobiohydrolase, exo-1,3-O-D-glucanase, hemicellulase, β-glucosidase and the like; endoglucanases such as endo-1,3-β-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-glucanase and the like; L-arabinases, such as endo-1,5-α-L-arabinase, α-arabinosidases and the like; galactanases such as endo-1,4-β-D-galactanase, endo-1,3-β-D-galactanase, 1-galactosidase, α-galactosidase and the like; mannanases, such as endo-1,4-β-D-mannanase, β-mannosidase, α-mannosidase and the like; xylanases, such as endo-1,4-1-xylanase, β-D-xylosidase, 1,3-β-D-xylanase, and the like; and pectinases; and non-starch processing enzymes, including protease, glucanase, xylanase, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, esterase, phytase, and lipase.

[0082] In one embodiment, the processing enzyme is a starch-degrading enzyme selected from the group of α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, amylopullulanase, glucose isomerase, or combinations thereof. According to this embodiment, the starch-degrading enzyme is able to allow the self-processing plant or plant part to degrade starch upon activation of the enzyme contained in the plant or plant part, as will be further described herein. The starch-degrading enzyme(s) is selected based on the desired end-products. For example, a glucose-isomerase may be selected to convert the glucose (hexose) into fructose. Alternatively, the enzyme may be selected based on the desired starch-derived end product with various chain lengths based on, e.g., a function of the extent of processing or with various branching patterns desired. For example, an α-amylase, glucoamylase, or amylopullulanase can be used under short incubation times to produce dextrin products and under longer incubation times to produce shorter chain products or sugars. A pullulanase can be used to specifically hydrolyze branch points in the starch yielding a high-amylose starch, or a neopullulanase can be used to produce starch with stretches of α 1,4 linkages with interspersed α 1,6 linkages. Glucosidases could be used to produce limit dextrins, or a combination of different enzymes to make other starch derivatives.

[0083] In another embodiment, the processing enzyme is a non-starch processing enzyme selected from protease, glucanase, xylanase, and esterase. These non-starch degrading enzymes allow the self-processing plant or plant part of the present invention to incorporate in a targeted area of the plant and, upon activation, disrupt the plant while leaving the starch granule therein intact. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the non-starch degrading enzymes target the endosperm matrix of the plant cell and, upon activation, disrupt the endosperm matrix while leaving the starch granule therein intact and more readily recoverable from the resulting material.

[0084] Combinations of processing enzymes are further envisioned by the present invention. For example, starch-processing and non-starch processing enzymes may be used in combination. Combinations of processing enzymes may be obtained by employing the use of multiple gene constructs encoding each of the enzymes. Alternatively, the individual transgenic plants stably transformed with the enzymes may be crossed by known methods to obtain a plant containing both enzymes. Another method includes the use of exogenous enzyme(s) with the transgenic plant.

[0085] The processing enzymes may be isolated or derived from any source and the polynucleotides corresponding thereto may be ascertained by one having skill in the art. For example, the processing enzyme, preferably α-amylase, is derived from the Pyrococcus (e.g., Pyrococcusfuriosus), Thermus, Thermococcus (e.g., Thermococcus hydrothermalis), Sulfolobus (e.g., Sulfolobus solfataricus) Thermotoga (e.g., Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana), Thermoanaerobacterium (e.g. Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis), Aspergillus (e.g., Aspergillus shirousami and Aspergillus niger), Rhizopus (eg., Rhizopus oryzae), Thermoproteales, Desulfurococcus (e.g. Desulfurococcus amylolyticus), Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, Methanococcus jannaschii, Methanopyrus kandleri, Thermosynechococcus elongatus, Thermoplasma acidophilum, Thermoplasma volcanium, Aeropyrum pernix and plants such as corn, barley, and rice.

[0086] The processing enzymes of the present invention are capable of being activated after being introduced and expressed in the genome of a plant. Conditions for activating the enzyme are determined for each individual enzyme and may include varying conditions such as temperature, pH, hydration, presence of metals, activating compounds, inactivating compounds, etc. For example, temperature-dependent enzymes may include mesophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic enzymes. Mesophilic enzymes typically have maximal activity at temperatures between 20°-65° C. and are inactivated at temperatures greater than 70° C. Mesophilic enzymes have significant activity at 30 to 37° C., the activity at 30° C. is preferably at least 10% of maximal activity, more preferably at least 20% of maximal activity.

[0087] Thermophilic enzymes have a maximal activity at temperatures of between 50 and 80° C. and are inactivated at temperatures greater than 80° C. A thermophilic enzyme will preferably have less than 20% of maximal activity at 30° C., more preferably less than 10% of maximal activity.

[0088] A “hyperthermophilic” enzyme has activity at even higher temperatures. Hyperthermophilic enzymes have a maximal activity at temperatures greater than 80° C. and retain activity at temperatures at least 80° C., more preferably retain activity at temperatures of at least 90° C. and most preferably retain activity at temperatures of at least 95° C. Hyperthermophilic enzymes also have reduced activity at low temperatures. A hyperthermophilic enzyme may have activity at 30° C. that is less than 10% of maximal activity, and preferably less than 5% of maximal activity.

[0089] The polynucleotide encoding the processing enzyme is preferably modified to include codons that are optimized for expression in a selected organism such as a plant (see, e.g., Wada et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 18:2367 (1990), Murray et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 17:477 (1989), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,096,825, 5,625,136, 5,670,356 and 5,874,304). Codon optimized sequences are synthetic sequences, i.e., they do not occur in nature, and preferably encode the identical polypeptide (or an enzymatically active fragment of a full length polypeptide which has substantially the same activity as the full length polypeptide) encoded by the non-codon optimized parent polynucleotide which encodes a processing enzyme. It is preferred that the polypeptide is biochemically distinct or improved, e.g., via recursive mutagenesis of DNA encoding a particular processing enzyme, from the parent source polypeptide such that its performance in the process application is improved. Preferred polynucleotides are optimized for expression in a target host plant and encode a processing enzyme. Methods to prepare these enzymes include mutagenesis, e.g., recursive mutagenesis and selection. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well-known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:488, (1985); Kunkel et al., Methods in Enzymol., 154:367 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein and Arnold et al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 51:5091 (1996)). Methods to optimize the expression of a nucleic acid segment in a target plant or organism are well-known in the art. Briefly, a codon usage table indicating the optimal codons used by the target organism is obtained and optimal codons are selected to replace those in the target polynucleotide and the optimized sequence is then chemically synthesized. Preferred codons for maize are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,136.

[0090] Complementary nucleic acids of the polynucleotides of the present invention are further envisioned. An example of low stringency conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or Northern blot is 50% formamide, e.g., hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60° C. to 65° C. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1×to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5×to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C.

[0091] Moreover, polynucleotides encoding an “enzymatically active” fragment of the processing enzymes are further envisioned. As used herein, “enzymatically active” means a polypeptide fragment of the processing enzyme that has substantially the same biological activity as the processing enzyme to modify the substrate upon which the processing enzyme normally acts under appropriate conditions.

[0092] In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is a maize-optimized polynucleotide encoding α-amylase, such as provided in SEQ ID NOs:2, 9, 46, and 52. In another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide is a maize-optimized polynucleotide encoding pullulanase, such as provided in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 25. In yet another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide is a maize-optimized polynucleotide encoding α-glucosidase as provided in SEQ ID NO:6. Another preferred polynucleotide is the maize-optimized polynucleotide encoding glucose isomerase having SEQ ID NO: 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43. In another embodiment, the maize-optimized polynucleotide encoding glucoamylase as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, or 50 is preferred. Moreover, a maize-optimized polynucleotide for glucanase/mannanase fusion polypeptide is provided in SEQ ID NO: 57. The invention further provides for complements of such polynucleotides, which hybridize under moderate, or preferably under low stringency, hybridization conditions and which encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, glucoamylase, glucanase, or mannanase activity, as the case may be.

[0093] The polynucleotide may be used interchangeably with “nucleic acid” or “polynucleic acid” and refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form, composed of monomers (nucleotides) containing a sugar, phosphate and a base, which is either a purine or pyrimidine. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogs of natural nucleotides, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues.

[0094] “Variants” or substantially similar sequences are further encompassed herein. For nucleotide sequences, variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the identical amino acid sequence of the native protein. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization techniques, and ligation reassembly techniques. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis, which encode the native protein, as well as those that encode a polypeptide having amino acid substitutions. Generally, nucleotide sequence variants of the invention will have at least 40%, 50%, 60%, preferably 70%, more preferably 80%, even more preferably 90%, most preferably 99%, and single unit percentage identity to the native nucleotide sequence based on these classes. For example, 71%, 72%, 73% and the like, up to at least the 90% class. Variants may also include a full-length gene corresponding to an identified gene fragment.

[0095] Regulatory Sequences: Promoters/Signal Sequences/Selectable Markers

[0096] The polynucleotide sequences encoding the processing enzyme of the present invention may be operably linked to polynucleotide sequences encoding localization signals or signal sequence (at the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide), e.g., to target the hyperthermophilic enzyme to a particular compartment within a plant. Examples of such targets include, but are not limited to, the vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, amyloplast, starch granule, or cell wall, or to a particular tissue, e.g., seed. The expression of a polynucleotide encoding a processing enzyme having a signal sequence in a plant, in particular, in conjunction with the use of a tissue-specific or inducible promoter, can yield high levels of localized processing enzyme in the plant. Numerous signal sequences are known to influence the expression or targeting of a polynucleotide to a particular compartment or outside a particular compartment. Suitable signal sequences and targeting promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, those provided herein.

[0097] For example, where expression in specific tissues or organs is desired, tissue-specific promoters may be used. In contrast, where gene expression in response to a stimulus is desired, inducible promoters are the regulatory elements of choice. Where continuous expression is desired throughout the cells of a plant, constitutive promoters are utilized. Additional regulatory sequences upstream and/or downstream from the core promoter sequence may be included in expression constructs of transformation vectors to bring about varying levels of expression of heterologous nucleotide sequences in a transgenic plant.

[0098] A number of plant promoters have been described with various expression characteristics. Examples of some constitutive promoters which have been described include the rice actin 1 (Wang et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 12:3399 (1992); U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,876), CaMV ³⁵S (Odell et al., Nature, 313:810 (1985)), CaMV 19S (Lawton et al., 1987), nos (Ebert et al., 1987), Adh (Walker et al., 1987), sucrose synthase (Yang & Russell, 1990), and the ubiquitin promoters.

[0099] Vectors for use in tissue-specific targeting of genes in transgenic plants will typically include tissue-specific promoters and may also include other tissue-specific control elements such as enhancer sequences. Promoters which direct specific or enhanced expression in certain plant tissues will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. These include, for example, the rbcS promoter, specific for green tissue; the ocs, nos and mas promoters which have higher activity in roots or wounded leaf tissue; a truncated (−90 to +8) 35S promoter which directs enhanced expression in roots, an α-tubulin gene that directs expression in roots and promoters derived from zein storage protein genes which direct expression in endosperm.

[0100] Tissue specific expression may be functionally accomplished by introducing a constitutively expressed gene (all tissues) in combination with an antisense gene that is expressed only in those tissues where the gene product is not desired. For example, a gene coding for a lipase may be introduced such that it is expressed in all tissues using the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus. Expression of an antisense transcript of the lipase gene in a maize kernel, using for example a zein promoter, would prevent accumulation of the lipase protein in seed. Hence the protein encoded by the introduced gene would be present in all tissues except the kernel.

[0101] Moreover, several tissue-specific regulated genes and/or promoters have been reported in plants. Some reported tissue-specific genes include the genes encoding the seed storage proteins (such as napin, cruciferin, beta-conglycinin, and phaseolin) zein or oil body proteins (such as oleosin), or genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (including acyl carrier protein, stearoyl-ACP desaturase, and fatty acid desaturases (fad 2-1)), and other genes expressed during embryo development (such as Bce4, see, for example, EP 255378 and Kridl et al., Seed Science Research, 1:209 (1991)). Examples of tissue-specific promoters, which have been described include the lectin (Vodkin, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 138;87 (1983); Lindstromet al., Der. Genet., 11:160 (1990)), corn alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Vogel et al., 1989; Dennis et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 12:3983 (1984)), corn light harvesting complex (Simpson, 1986; Bansal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:3654 (1992)), corn heat shock protein (Odell et al., 1985; Rochester et al., 1986), pea small subunit RuBP carboxylase (Poulsen et al., 1986; Cashmore et al., 1983), Ti plasmid mannopine synthase (Langridge et al., 1989), Ti plasmid nopaline synthase (Langridge et al., 1989), petunia chalcone isomerase (vanTunen et al., EMBO J., 7;1257(1988)), bean glycine rich protein 1 (Keller et al., Genes Dev., 3:1639 (1989)), truncated CaMV 35s (Odell et al., Nature, 313:810 (1985)), potato patatin (Wenzler et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 13:347 (1989)), root cell (Yamamoto et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:7449 (1990)), maize zein (Reina et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:6425 (1990); Kriz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 207:90 (1987); Wandelt et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:2354 (1989); Langridge et al., Cell, 34:1015 (1983); Reina et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:7449 (1990)), globulin-1 (Belanger et al., Genetics, 129:863 (1991)), α-tubulin, cab (Sullivan et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 215:431 (1989)), PEPCase (Hudspeth & Grula, 1989), R gene complex-associated promoters (Chandler et al., Plant Cell, 1:1175 (1989)), and chalcone synthase promoters (Franken et al., EMBO J., 10:2605 (1991)). Particularly useful for seed-specific expression is the pea vicilin promoter (Czako et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 235:33 (1992). (See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,136, herein incorporated by reference.) Other useful promoters for expression in mature leaves are those that are switched on at the onset of senescence, such as the SAG promoter from Arabidopsis (Gan et al., Science, 270:1986 (1995).

[0102] A class of fruit-specific promoters expressed at or during anthesis through fruit development, at least until the beginning of ripening, is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,674, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. cDNA clones that are preferentially expressed in cotton fiber have been isolated (John et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:5769 (1992). cDNA clones from tomato displaying differential expression during fruit development have been isolated and characterized (Mansson et al., Gen. Genet. 200:356 (1985), Slater et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:137 (1985)). The promoter for polygalacturonase gene is active in fruit ripening. The polygalacturonase gene is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,060, U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061, U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,590, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065, which disclosures are incorporated herein by reference.

[0103] Other examples of tissue-specific promoters include those that direct expression in leaf cells following damage to the leaf (for example, from chewing insects), in tubers (for example, patatin gene promoter), and in fiber cells (an example of a developmentally-regulated fiber cell protein is E6 (John et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

[0104] USA, 89:5769 (1992). The E6 gene is most active in fiber, although low levels of transcripts are found in leaf, ovule and flower.

[0105] The tissue-specificity of some “tissue-specific” promoters may not be absolute and may be tested by one skilled in the art using the diphtheria toxin sequence. One can also achieve tissue-specific expression with “leaky” expression by a combination of different tissue-specific promoters (Beals et al., Plant Cell, 9:1527 (1997)). Other tissue-specific promoters can be isolated by one skilled in the art (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,379).

[0106] In one embodiment, the direction of the product from a polysaccharide hydrolysis gene, such as α-amylase, may be targeted to a particular organelle such as the apoplast rather than to the cytoplasm. This is exemplified by the use of the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:17), which confers apoplast-specific targeting of proteins. Directing the protein or enzyme to a specific compartment will allow the enzyme to be localized in a manner that it will not come into contact with the substrate. In this manner the enzymatic action of the enzyme will not occur until the enzyme contacts its substrate. The enzyme can be contacted with its substrate by the process of milling (physical disruption of the cell integrity), or heating the cells or plant tissues to disrupt the physical integrity of the plant cells or organs that contain the enzyme. For example a mesophilic starch-hydrolyzing enzyme can be targeted to the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum and so as not to come into contact with starch granules in the amyloplast. Milling of the grain will disrupt the integrity of the grain and the starch hydrolyzing enzyme will then contact the starch granules. In this manner the potential negative effects of co-localization of an enzyme and its substrate can be circumvented.

[0107] In another embodiment, a tissue-specific promoter includes the endosperm-specific promoters such as the maize γ-zein promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:12) or the maize ADP-gpp promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:11, which includes a 5′ untranslated and an intron sequence). Thus, the present invention includes an isolated polynucleotide comprising a promoter comprising SEQ ID NO:11 or 12, a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement thereof under low stringency hybridization conditions, or a fragment thereof which has promoter activity, e.g., at least 10%, and preferably at least 50%, the activity of a promoter having SEQ ID NO:11 or 12.

[0108] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotide encodes a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme that is operably linked to a chloroplast (amyloplast) transit peptide (CTP) and a starch binding domain, e.g., from the waxy gene. An exemplary polynucleotide in this embodiment encodes SEQ ID NO:10 α-amylase linked to the starch binding domain from waxy). Other exemplary polynucleotides encode a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme linked to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion to the apoplast (exemplified by a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:13, 27, or 30, which comprises the N-terminal sequence from maize γ-zein operably linked to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, respectively), a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme linked to a signal sequence which retains the enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (exemplified by a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:14, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, or 36, which comprises the N-terminal sequence from maize γ-zein operably linked to the hyperthermophilic enzyme, which is operably linked to SEKDEL, wherein the enzyme is α-amylase, malA α-glucosidase, T. maritima glucose isomerase, T. neapolitana glucose isomerase), a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme linked to an N-terminal sequence that targets the enzyme to the amyloplast (exemplified by a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:15, which comprises the N-terminal amyloplast targeting sequence from waxy operably linked to α-amylase), a hyperthermophilic fusion polypeptide which targets the enzyme to starch granules (exemplified by a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:16, which comprises the N-terminal amyloplast targeting sequence from waxy operably linked to an α-amylase/waxy fusion polypeptide comprising the waxy starch binding domain), a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme linked to an ER retention signal (exemplified by a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NO:38 and 39). Moreover, a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme may be linked to a raw-starch binding site having the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:53), wherein the polynucleotide encoding the processing enzyme is linked to the maize-optimized nuleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:54) encoding this binding site.

[0109] Several inducible promoters have been reported. Many are described in a review by Gatz, in Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 7:168 (1996) and Gatz, C., Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 48:89 (1997). Examples include tetracycline repressor system, Lac repressor system, copper-inducible systems, salicylate-inducible systems (such as the PR1a system), glucocorticoid-inducible (Aoyama T. et al., N-H Plant Journal, 11:605 (1997)) and ecdysone-inducible systems. Other inducible promoters include ABA- and turgor-inducible promoters, the promoter of the auxin-binding protein gene (Schwob et al., Plant J., 4:423 (1993)), the UDP glucose flavonoid glycosyl-transferase gene promoter (Ralston et al., Genetics, 119:185 (1988)), the MPI proteinase inhibitor promoter (Cordero et al., Plant J., 6:141 (1994)), and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene promoter (Kohler et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 29;1293 (1995); Quigley et al., J. Mol. Evol., 29:412 (1989); Martinez et al., J. Mol. Biol., 208:551 (1989)). Also included are the benzene sulphonamide-inducible (U.S. Pat. No. 5364,780) and alcohol-inducible (WO 97/06269 and WO 97/06268) systems and glutathione S-transferase promoters.

[0110] Other studies have focused on genes inducibly regulated in response to environmental stress or stimuli such as increased salinity, drought, pathogen and wounding. (Graham et al., J. Biol. Chem., 260:6555 (1985); Graham et al., J. Biol. Chem., 260:6561 (1985), Smith et al., Planta, 168:94 (1986)). Accumulation of metallocarboxypeptidase-inhibitor protein has been reported in leaves of wounded potato plants (Graham et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 101:1164 (1981)). Other plant genes have been reported to be induced by methyl jasmonate, elicitors, heat-shock, anaerobic stress, or herbicide safeners.

[0111] Regulated expression of a chimeric transacting viral replication protein can be further regulated by other genetic strategies, such as, for example, Cre-mediated gene activation (Odell et al. Mol. Gen. Genet., 113:369 (1990)). Thus, a DNA fragment containing 3′ regulatory sequence bound by lox sites between the promoter and the replication protein coding sequence that blocks the expression of a chimeric replication gene from the promoter can be removed by Cre-mediated excision and result in the expression of the trans-acting replication gene. In this case, the chimeric Cre gene, the chimeric trans-acting replication gene, or both can be under the control of tissue- and developmental-specific or inducible promoters. An alternate genetic strategy is the use of tRNA suppressor gene. For example, the regulated expression of a tRNA suppressor gene can conditionally control expression of a trans-acting replication protein coding sequence containing an appropriate termination codon (Ulmasov et al. Plant Mol. Biol., 35:417 (1997)). Again, either the chimeric tRNA suppressor gene, the chimeric transacting replication gene, or both can be under the control of tissue- and developmental-specific or inducible promoters.

[0112] Preferably, in the case of a multicellular organism, the promoter can also be specific to a particular tissue, organ or stage of development. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, the Zea mays ADP-gpp and the Zea mays γ-zein promoter and the Zea mays globulin promoter.

[0113] Expression of a gene in a transgenic plant may be desired only in a certain time period during the development of the plant. Developmental timing is frequently correlated with tissue specific gene expression. For example, expression of zein storage proteins is initiated in the endosperm about 15 days after pollination.

[0114] Additionally, vectors may be constructed and employed in the intracellular targeting of a specific gene product within the cells of a transgenic plant or in directing a protein to the extracellular environment. This will generally be achieved by joining a DNA sequence encoding a transit or signal peptide sequence to the coding sequence of a particular gene. The resultant transit, or signal, peptide will transport the protein to a particular intracellular, or extracellular destination, respectively, and will then be post-translationally removed. Transit or signal peptides act by facilitating the transport of proteins through intracellular membranes, e.g., vacuole, vesicle, plastid and mitochondrial membranes, whereas signal peptides direct proteins through the extracellular membrane.

[0115] A signal sequence such as the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion into the apoplast may be operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme in accordance with the present invention (Torrent et al., 1997). For example, SEQ ID NOs: 13, 27, and 30 provides for a polynucleotide encoding a hyperthermophilic enzyme operably linked to the N-terminal sequence from maize γ-zein protein. Another signal sequence is the amino acid sequence SEKDEL for retaining polypeptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (Munro and Pelham, 1987). For example, a polynucleotide encoding SEQ ID NOS:14, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, or 36, which comprises the N-terminal sequence from maize γ-zein operably linked to a processing enzyme which is operably linked to SEKDEL. A polypeptide may also be targeted to the amyloplast by fusion to the waxy amyloplast targeting peptide (Klosgen et al., 1986) or to a starch granule. For example, the polynucleotide encoding a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme may be operably linked to a chloroplast (amyloplast) transit peptide (CTP) and a starch binding domain, e.g., from the waxy gene. SEQ ID NO:10 exemplifies α-amylase linked to the starch binding domain from waxy. SEQ ID NO:15 exemplifies the N-terminal sequence amyloplast targeting sequence from waxy operably linked to α-amylase. Moreover, the polynucleotide encoding the processing enzyme may be fused to target starch granules using the waxy starch binding domain. For example, SEQ ID NO:16 exemplifies a fusion polypeptide comprising the N-terminal amyloplast targeting sequence from waxy operably linked to an α-amylase/waxy fusion polypeptide comprising the waxy starch binding domain.

[0116] The polynucleotides of the present invention, in addition to processing signals, may further include other regulatory sequences, as is known in the art. “Regulatory sequences” and “suitable regulatory sequences” each refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences include enhancers, promoters, translation leader sequences, introns, and polyadenylation signal sequences. They include natural and synthetic sequences as well as sequences, which may be a combination of synthetic and natural sequences.

[0117] Selectable markers may also be used in the present invention to allow for the selection of transformed plants and plant tissue, as is well-known in the art. One may desire to employ a selectable or screenable marker gene as, or in addition to, the expressible gene of interest. “Marker genes” are genes that impart a distinct phenotype to cells expressing the marker gene and thus allow such transformed cells to be distinguished from cells that do not have the marker. Such genes may encode either a selectable or screenable marker, depending on whether the marker confers a trait which one can select for by chemical means, i.e., through the use of a selective agent (e.g., a herbicide, antibiotic, or the like), or whether it is simply a trait that one can identify through observation or testing, i.e., by screening (e.g., the R-locus trait). Of course, many examples of suitable marker genes are known to the art and can be employed in the practice of the invention.

[0118] Included within the terms selectable or screenable marker genes are also genes which encode a “secretable marker” whose secretion can be detected as a means of identifying or selecting for transformed cells. Examples include markers which encode a secretable antigen that can be identified by antibody interaction, or even secretable enzymes which can be detected by their catalytic activity. Secretable proteins fall into a number of classes, including small, diffusible proteins detectable, e.g., by ELISA; small active enzymes detectable in extracellular solution (e.g., α-amylase, β-lactamase, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase); and proteins that are inserted or trapped in the cell wall (e.g., proteins that include a leader sequence such as that found in the expression unit of extensin or tobacco PR-S).

[0119] With regard to selectable secretable markers, the use of a gene that encodes a protein that becomes sequestered in the cell wall, and which protein includes a unique epitope is considered to be particularly advantageous. Such a secreted antigen marker would ideally employ an epitope sequence that would provide low background in plant tissue, a promoter-leader sequence that would impart efficient expression and targeting across the plasma membrane, and would produce protein that is bound in the cell wall and yet accessible to antibodies. A normally secreted wall protein modified to include a unique epitope would satisfy all such requirements.

[0120] One example of a protein suitable for modification in this manner is extensin, or hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein (HPRG). For example, the maize HPRG (Steifel et al., The Plant Cell, 2:785 (1990)) molecule is well characterized in terms of molecular biology, expression and protein structure. However, any one of a variety of extensins and/or glycine-rich wall proteins (Keller et al., EMBO Journal, 8:1309 (1989)) could be modified by the addition of an antigenic site to create a screenable marker.

[0121] a. Selectable Markers

[0122] Possible selectable markers for use in connection with the present invention include, but are not limited to, a neo or nptll gene (Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183 (1985)) which codes for kanamycin resistance and can be selected for using kanamycin, G418, and the like; a bar gene which confers resistance to the herbicide phosphinothricin; a gene which encodes an altered EPSP synthase protein (Hinchee et al., Biotech., 6:915 (1988)) thus conferring glyphosate resistance; a nitrilase gene such as bxn from Klebsiella ozaenae which confers resistance to bromoxynil (Stalker et al., Science, 242:419 (1988)); a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) which confers resistance to imidazolinone, sulfonylurea or other ALS-inhibiting chemicals (European Patent Application 154,204, 1985); a methotrexate-resistant DHFR gene (Thillet et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263:12500 (1988)); a dalapon dehalogenase gene that confers resistance to the herbicide dalapon; a phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene; a mutated anthranilate synthase gene that confers resistance to 5-methyl tryptophan; the hph gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin; or the mannose-6-phosphate isomerase gene (also referred to herein as the phosphomannose isomerase gene), which provides the ability to metabolize mannose (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,767,378 and 5,994,629). One skilled in the art is capable of selecting a suitable selectable marker gene for use in the present invention. Where a mutant EPSP synthase gene is employed, additional benefit may be realized through the incorporation of a suitable chloroplast transit peptide, CTP (European Patent Application 0,218,571, 1987).

[0123] An illustrative embodiment of a selectable marker gene capable of being used in systems to select transformants are the genes that encode the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, such as the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus or the pat gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. The enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) inactivates the active ingredient in the herbicide bialaphos, phosphinothricin (PPT). PPT inhibits glutamine synthetase, (Murakami et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 205:42 (1986); Twell et al., Plant Physiol., 91:1270 (1989)) causing rapid accumulation of ammonia and cell death. The success in using this selective system in conjunction with monocots was particularly surprising because of the major difficulties which have been reported in transformation of cereals (Potrykus, Trends Biotech., 7:269 (1989)).

[0124] Where one desires to employ a bialaphos resistance gene in the practice of the invention, a particularly useful gene for this purpose is the bar or pat genes obtainable from species of Streptomyces (e.g., ATCC No. 21,705). The cloning of the bar gene has been described (Murakami et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 205:42 (1986); Thompson et al., EMBO Journal, 6:2519 (1987)) as has the use of the bar gene in the context of plants other than monocots (De Block et al., EMBO Journal, 6:2513 (1987); De Block et al., Plant Physiol., 91:694 (1989)).

[0125] b. Screenable Markers

[0126] Screenable markers that may be employed include, but are not limited to, a glucuronidase or uidA gene (GUS) which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known; an R-locus gene, which encodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissues (Dellaporta et al., in Chromosome Structure and Function, pp. 263-282 (1988)); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe, PNAS USA, 75:3737 (1978)), which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, a chromogenic cephalosporin); a xylE gene (Zukowsky et al., PNAS USA, 80:1101 (1983)) which encodes a catechol dioxygenase that can convert chromogenic catechols; an α-amylase gene (Ikuta et al., Biotech., 8:241 (1990)); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., J. Gen. Microbiol., 129:2703 (1983)) which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone which in turn condenses to form the easily detectable compound melanin; a β-galactosidase gene, which encodes an enzyme for which there are chromogenic substrates; a luciferase (lux) gene (Ow et al., Science, 234:856 (1986)), which allows for bioluminescence detection; or an aequorin gene (Prasher et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 126:1259 (1985)), which may be employed in calcium-sensitive bioluminescence detection, or a green fluorescent protein gene (Niedz et al., Plant Cell Reports, 14: 403 (1995)).

[0127] Genes from the maize R gene complex are contemplated to be particularly useful as screenable markers. The R gene complex in maize encodes a protein that acts to regulate the production of anthocyanin pigments in most seed and plant tissue. A gene from the R gene complex is suitable for maize transformation, because the expression of this gene in transformed cells does not harm the cells. Thus, an R gene introduced into such cells will cause the expression of a red pigment and, if stably incorporated, can be visually scored as a red sector. If a maize line carries dominant allelles for genes encoding the enzymatic intermediates in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (C2, A1, A2, Bz1 and Bz2), but canies a recessive allele at the R locus, transformation of any cell from that line with R will result in red pigment formation. Exemplary lines include Wisconsin 22 which contains the rg-Stadler allele and TR112, a K55 derivative which is r-g, b, P1. Alternatively any genotype of maize can be utilized if the C1 and R alleles are introduced together. A further screenable marker contemplated for use in the present invention is firefly luciferase, encoded by the lux gene. The presence of the lux gene in transformed cells may be detected using, for example, X-ray film, scintillation counting, fluorescent spectrophotometry, low-light video cameras, photon counting cameras or multiwell luminometry. It is also envisioned that this system may be developed for populational screening for bioluminescence, such as on tissue culture plates, or even for whole plant screening.

[0128] The polynucleotides used to transform the plant may include, but is not limited to, DNA from plant genes and non-plant genes such as those from bacteria, yeasts, animals or viruses. The introduced DNA can include modified genes, portions of genes, or chimeric genes, including genes from the same or different maize genotype. The term “chimeric gene” or “chimeric DNA” is defined as a gene or DNA sequence or segment comprising at least two DNA sequences or segments from species which do not combine DNA under natural conditions, or which DNA sequences or segments are positioned or linked in a manner which does not normally occur in the native genome of the untransformed plant.

[0129] Expression cassettes comprising the polynucleotide encoding a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme, and preferably a codon-optimized polynucleotide is further provided. It is preferred that the polynucleotide in the expression cassette (the first polynucleotide) is operably linked to regulatory sequences, such as a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a termination sequence, or any combination thereof, and, optionally, to a second polynucleotide encoding a signal sequence (N- or C-terminal) which directs the enzyme encoded by the first polynucleotide to a particular cellular or subcellular location. Thus, a promoter and one or more signal sequences can provide for high levels of expression of the enzyme in particular locations in a plant, plant tissue or plant cell. Promoters can be constitutive promoters, inducible (conditional) promoters or tissue-specific promoters, e.g., endosperm-specific promoters such as the maize γ-zein promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:12) or the maize ADP-gpp promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:11, which includes a 5′ untranslated and an intron sequence). The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a promoter comprising SEQ ID NO:11 or 12, a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement thereof under low stringency hybridization conditions, or a fragment thereof which has promoter activity, e.g., at least 10%, and preferably at least 50%, the activity of a promoter having SEQ ID NO:11 or 12. Also provided are vectors which comprise the expression cassette or polynucleotide of the invention and transformed cells comprising the polynucleotide, expression cassette or vector of the invention. A vector of the invention can comprise a polynucleotide sequence which encodes more than one hyperthermophilic processing enzyme of the invention, which sequence can be in sense or antisense orientation, and a transformed cell may comprise one or more vectors of the invention. Preferred vectors are those useful to introduce nucleic acids into plant cells.

Transformation

[0130] The expression cassette, or a vector construct containing the expression cassette may be inserted into a cell. The expression cassette or vector construct may be carried episomally or integrated into the genome of the cell. The transformed cell may then be grown into a transgenic plant. Accordingly, the invention provides the products of the transgenic plant. Such products may include, but are not limited to, the seeds, fruit, progeny, and products of the progeny of the transgenic plant.

[0131] A variety of techniques are available and known to those skilled in the art for introduction of constructs into a cellular host. Transformation of bacteria and many eukaryotic cells may be accomplished through use of polyethylene glycol, calcium chloride, viral infection, phage infection, electroporation and other methods known in the art. Techniques for transforming plant cells or tissue include transformation with DNA employing A. tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes as the transforming agent, electroporation, DNA injection, microprojectile bombardment, particle acceleration, etc. (See, for example, EP 295959 and EP 138341).

[0132] In one embodiment, binary type vectors of Ti and Ri plasmids of Agrobacterium spp. Ti-derived vectors are used to transform a wide variety of higher plants, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, such as soybean, cotton, rape, tobacco, and rice (Pacciotti et al. Bio/Technology, 3:241 (1985): Byrne et al. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 8:3 (1987); Sukhapinda et al. Plant Mol. Biol., 8:209 (1987); Lorz et al. Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:178 (1985); Potrykus Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183 (1985); Parket al., J. Plant Biol., 38:365 (1985): Hiei et al., Plant J., 6:271(1994)). The use of T-DNA to transform plant cells has received extensive study and is amply described (EP 120516; Hoekema, In: The Binary Plant Vector System. Offset-drukkerij Kanters B. V.; Alblasserdam (1985), Chapter V; Knauf, et al., Genetic Analysis of Host Range Expression by Agrobacterium In: Molecular Genetics of the Bacteria-Plant Interaction, Puhler, A. ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983, p. 245; and An. et al., EMBO J., 4:277 (1985)).

[0133] Other transformation methods are available to those skilled in the art, such as direct uptake of foreign DNA constructs (see EP 295959), techniques of electroporation (Fromm et al. Nature (London), 319:791 (1986), or high velocity ballistic bombardment with metal particles coated with the nucleic acid constructs (Kline et al. Nature (London) 327:70 (1987), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). Once transformed, the cells can be regenerated by those skilled in the art. Of particular relevance are the recently described methods to transform foreign genes into commercially important crops, such as rapeseed (De Block et al., Plant Physiol. 91:694-701 (1989)), sunflower (Everett et al., Bio/Technology, 5:1201(1987)), soybean (McCabe et al., Bio/Technology, 6:923 (1988); Hinchee et al., Bio/Technology, 6:915 (1988); Chee et al., Plant Physiol., 91:1212 (1989); Christou et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 86:7500 (1989) EP 301749), rice (Hiei et al., Plant J., 6:271 (1994)), and corn (Gordon Kamm et al., Plant Cell, 2:603 (1990); Fromm et al., Biotechnology, 8:833, (1990)).

[0134] Expression vectors containing genomic or synthetic fragments can be introduced into protoplasts or into intact tissues or isolated cells. Preferably expression vectors are introduced into intact tissue. General methods of culturing plant tissues are provided, for example, by Maki et al. “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Glich et al. (Eds.), pp. 67-88 CRC Press (1993); and by Phillips et al. “Cell-Tissue Culture and In-Vitro Manipulation” in Corn & Corn Improvement, 3rd Edition 10, Sprague et al. (Eds.) pp. 345-387, American Society of Agronomy Inc. (1988).

[0135] In one embodiment, expression vectors may be introduced into maize or other plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation and the like. Expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues using the microprojectile media delivery with the biolistic device. See, for example, Tomes et al. “Direct DNA transfer into intact plant cells via microprojectile bombardment” in Gamborg and Phillips (Eds.) Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1995). Nevertheless, the present invention contemplates the transformation of plants with a hyperthermophilic processing enzyme in accord with known transforming methods. Also see, Weissinger et al., Annual Rev. Genet., 22:421 (1988); Sanford et al., Particulate Science and Technology, 5:27 (1987) (onion); Christou et al., Plant Physiol., 87:671 (1988)(soybean); McCabe et al., Bio/Technology, 6:923 (1988) (soybean); Datta et al., Bio/Technology, 8:736 (1990) (rice); Klein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:4305 (1988)(maize); Klein et al., Bio/Technology, 6:559 (1988)(maize); Klein et al., Plant Physiol., 91:440 (1988)(maize); Fromm et al., Bio/Technology, 8:833 (1990) (maize); and Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell, 2, 603 (1990)(maize); Svab et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:8526 (1990) (tobacco chloroplast); Koziel et al., Biotechnology, 11:194 (1993) (maize); Shimamoto et al., Nature, 338:274 (1989) (rice); Christou et al., Biotechnology, 9:957 (1991) (rice); European Patent Application EP 0 332 581 (orchardgrass and other Pooideae); Vasil et al., Biotechnology, 11:1553 (1993) (wheat); Weeks et al., Plant Physiol., 102:1077 (1993) (wheat). Methods in Molecular Biology, 82. Arabidopsis Protocols Ed. Martinez-Zapater and Salinas 1998 Humana Press (Arabidopsis).

[0136] Transformation of plants can be undertaken with a single DNA molecule or multiple DNA molecules (i.e., co-transformation), and both these techniques are suitable for use with the expression cassettes and constructs of the present invention. Numerous transformation vectors are available for plant transformation, and the expression cassettes of this invention can be used in conjunction with any such vectors. The selection of vector will depend upon the preferred transformation technique and the target species for transformation.

[0137] Ultimately, the most desirable DNA segments for introduction into a monocot genome may be homologous genes or gene families which encode a desired trait (e.g., hydrolysis of proteins, lipids or polysaccharides) and which are introduced under the control of novel promoters or enhancers, etc., or perhaps even homologous or tissue specific (e.g., root-, collar/sheath-, whorl-, stalk-, earshank-, kernel- or leaf-specific) promoters or control elements. Indeed, it is envisioned that a particular use of the present invention will be the targeting of a gene in a constitutive manner or in an inducible manner.

[0138] Examples of Suitable Transformation Vectors

[0139] Numerous transformation vectors available for plant transformation are known to those of ordinary skill in the plant transformation arts, and the genes pertinent to this invention can be used in conjunction with any such vectors known in the art. The selection of vector will depend upon the preferred transformation technique and the target species for transformation.

[0140] a. Vectors Suitable for Agrobacterium Transformation

[0141] Many vectors are available for transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These typically carry at least one T-DNA border sequence and include vectors such as pBIN19 (Bevan, Nucl. Acids Res. (1984)). Below, the construction of two typical vectors suitable for Agrobacterium transformation is described.

[0142] pCIB200 and pCIB2001

[0143] The binary vectors pcIB200 and pCIB2001 are used for the construction of recombinant vectors for use with Agrobacterium and are constructed in the following manner. pTJS75kan is created by NarI digestion of pTJS75 (Schmidhauser & Helinski, J. Bacteriol., 164: 446 (1985)) allowing excision of the tetracycline-resistance gene, followed by insertion of an AccI fragment from pUC4K carrying an NPTII (Messing & Vierra, Gene, 19: 259 (1982): Bevan et al., Nature, 304: 184 (1983): McBride et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 14: 266 (1990)). XhoI linkers are ligated to the EcoRV fragment of PCIB7 which contains the left and right T-DNA borders, a plant selectable nos/nptil chimeric gene and the pUC polylinker (Rothstein et al., Gene, 53: 153 (1987)), and the XhoI-digested fragment are cloned into SalI-digested pTJS75kan to create pCIB200 (see also EP 0 332 104, example 19). pCIB200 contains the following unique polylinker restriction sites: EcoRI, SstI, KpnI, BglII, XbaI, and SalI. pCIB2001 is a derivative of pCIB200 created by the insertion into the polylinker of additional restriction sites. Unique restriction sites in the polylinker of pCIB2001 are EcoRI, SstI, KpnI, BglI, XbaI, SalI, MluI, BclI, AvrII, ApaI, HpaI, and Stul. pCIB2001, in addition to containing these unique restriction sites also has plant and bacterial kanamycin selection, left and right T-DNA borders for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the RK2-derived trfA function for mobilization between E. coli and other hosts, and the OriT and OriV functions also from RK2. The pCIB2001 polylinker is suitable for the cloning of plant expression cassettes containing their own regulatory signals.

[0144] pCIB10 and Hygromycin Selection Derivatives thereof:

[0145] The binary vector pCIB10 contains a gene encoding kanamycin resistance for selection in plants and T-DNA right and left border sequences and incorporates sequences from the wide host-range plasmid pRK252 allowing it to replicate in both E. coli and Agrobacterium. Its construction is described by Rothstein et al. (Gene, 53: 153 (1987)). Various derivatives of pCIB10 are constructed which incorporate the gene for hygromycin B phosphotransferase described by Gritz et al. (Gene, 25: 179 (1983)). These derivatives enable selection of transgenic plant cells on hygromycin only (pCIB743), or hygromycin and kanamycin (pCIB715, pCIB717).

[0146] b. Vectors Suitable for Non-Agrobacterium Transformation

[0147] Transformation without the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens circumvents the requirement for T-DNA sequences in the chosen transformation vector and consequently vectors lacking these sequences can be utilized in addition to vectors such as the ones described above which contain T-DNA sequences. Transformation techniques that do not rely on Agrobacterium include transformation via particle bombardment, protoplast uptake (e.g., PEG and electroporation) and microinjection. The choice of vector depends largely on the preferred selection for the species being transformed. Non-limiting examples of the construction of typical vectors suitable for non-Agrobacterium transformation is further described.

[0148] pCIB3064

[0149] pCIB3064 is a pUC-derived vector suitable for direct gene transfer techniques in combination with selection by the herbicide basta (or phosphinothricin). The plasmid pCIB246 comprises the CaMV 35S promoter in operational fusion to the E. coli GUS gene and the CaMV 35S transcriptional terminator and is described in the PCT published application WO 93/07278. The 35S promoter of this vector contains two ATG sequences 5′ of the start site. These sites are mutated using standard PCR techniques in such a way as to remove the ATGs and generate the restriction sites SspI and PvuII. The new restriction sites are 96 and 37 bp away from the unique SalI site and 101 and 42 bp away from the actual start site. The resultant derivative of pCIB246 is designated pCIB3025. The GUS gene is then excised from pCIB3025 by digestion with SalI and SacI, the termini rendered blunt and religated to generate plasmid pCIB3060. The plasmid pJIT82 may be obtained from the John Innes Centre, Norwich and the a 400 bp SmaI fragment containing the bar gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes is excised and inserted into the HpaI site of pCIB3060 (Thompson et al., EMBO J, 6: 2519 (1987)). This generated pCIB3064, which comprises the bar gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and terminator for herbicide selection, a gene for ampicillin resistance (for selection in E. coli) and a polylinker with the unique sites SphI, PstI, HindIII, and BamHI. This vector is suitable for the cloning of plant expression cassettes containing their own regulatory signals.

[0150] pSOG19 and pSOG35:

[0151] The plasmid pSOG35 is a transformation vector that utilizes the E. coli gene dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) as a selectable marker conferring resistance to methotrexate. PCR is used to amplify the 35S promoter (−800 bp), intron 6 from the maize Adhl gene (−550 bp) and 18 bp of the GUS untranslated leader sequence from pSOG10. A 250-bp fragment encoding the E. coli dihydrofolate reductase type II gene is also amplified by PCR and these two PCR fragments are assembled with a SacI-PstI fragment from pB 1221 (Clontech) which comprises the pUC 19 vector backbone and the nopaline synthase terminator. Assembly of these fragments generates pSOG19 which contains the 35S promoter in fusion with the intron 6 sequence, the GUS leader, the DHFR gene and the nopaline synthase terminator. Replacement of the GUS leader in pSOG19 with the leader sequence from Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) generates the vector pSOG35. pSOG19 and pSOG35 carry the pUC gene for ampicillin resistance and have HindIII, SphI, PstI and EcoRI sites available for the cloning of foreign substances.

[0152] c. Vector Suitable for Chloroplast Transformation

[0153] For expression of a nucleotide sequence of the present invention in plant plastids, plastid transformation vector pPH143 (WO 97/32011, example 36) is used. The nucleotide sequence is inserted into pPH143 thereby replacing the PROTOX coding sequence. This vector is then used for plastid transformation and selection of transformants for spectinomycin resistance. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence is inserted in pPH143 so that it replaces the aadH gene. In this case, transformants are selected for resistance to PROTOX inhibitors.

[0154] Plant Hosts Subject to Transformation Methods

[0155] Any plant tissue capable of subsequent clonal propagation, whether by organogenesis or embryogenesis, may be transformed with a construct of the present invention. The term organogenesis means a process by which shoots and roots are developed sequentially from meristematic centers while the term embryogenesis means a process by which shoots and roots develop together in a concerted fashion (not sequentially), whether from somatic cells or gametes. The particular tissue chosen will vary depending on the clonal propagation systems available for, and best suited to, the particular species being transformed. Exemplary tissue targets include differentiated and undifferentiated tissues or plants, including but not limited to leaf disks, roots, stems, shoots, leaves, pollen, seeds, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyls, megagametophytes, callus tissue, existing meristematic tissue (e.g., apical meristems, axillary buds, and root meristems), and induced meristem tissue (e.g., cotyledon meristem and hypocotyl meristem), tumor tissue, and various forms of cells and culture such as single cells, protoplast, embryos, and callus tissue. The plant tissue may be in plants or in organ, tissue or cell culture.

[0156] Plants of the present invention may take a variety of forms. The plants may be chimeras of transformed cells and non-transformed cells; the plants may be clonal transformants (e.g., all cells transformed to contain the expression cassette); the plants may comprise grafts of transformed and untransformed tissues (e.g., a transformed root stock grafted to an untransformed scion in citrus species). The transformed plants may be propagated by a variety of means, such as by clonal propagation or classical breeding techniques. For example, first generation (or T1) transformed plants may be selfed to give homozygous second generation (or T2) transformed plants, and the T2 plants further propagated through classical breeding techniques. A dominant selectable marker (such as npt II) can be associated with the expression cassette to assist in breeding.

[0157] The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including monocots or dicots, including, but not limited to, corn (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassaya (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Cofea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, woody plants such as conifers and deciduous trees, squash, pumpkin, hemp, zucchini, apple, pear, quince, melon, plum, cherry, peach, nectarine, apricot, strawberry, grape, raspberry, blackberry, soybean, sorghum, sugarcane, rapeseed, clover, carrot, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

[0158] Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), cauliflower, broccoli, turnip, radish, spinach, asparagus, onion, garlic, pepper, celery, and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and musk melon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum. Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc. Legumes include, but are not limited to, Arachis, e.g., peanuts, Vicia, e.g., crown vetch, hairy vetch, adzuki bean, mung bean, and chickpea, Lupinus, e.g., lupine, trifolium, Phaseolus, e.g., common bean and lima bean, Pisum, e.g., field bean, Melilotus, e.g., clover, Medicago, e.g., alfalfa, Lotus, e.g., trefoil, lens, e.g., lentil, and false indigo. Preferred forage and turf grass for use in the methods of the invention include alfalfa, orchard grass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, creeping bent grass, and redtop.

[0159] Preferably, plants of the present invention include crop plants, for example, corn, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, barley, rice, tomato, potato, squash, melons, legume crops, etc. Other preferred plants include Liliopsida and Panicoideae.

[0160] Once a desired DNA sequence has been transformed into a particular plant species, it may be propagated in that species or moved into other varieties of the same species, particularly including commercial varieties, using traditional breeding techniques.

[0161] Below are descriptions of representative techniques for transforming both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, as well as a representative plastid transformation technique.

[0162] a. Transformation of Dicotyledons

[0163] Transformation techniques for dicotyledons are well known in the art and include Agrobacterium-based techniques and techniques that do not require Agrobacterium. Non-Agrobacterium techniques involve the uptake of exogenous genetic material directly by protoplasts or cells. This can be accomplished by PEG or electroporation mediated uptake, particle bombardment-mediated delivery, or microinjection. Examples of these techniques are described by Paszkowski et al., EMBO J. 3: 2717 (1984), Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199: 169 (1985), Reich et al., Biotechnology, 4: 1001 (1986), and Klein et al., Nature, 327: 70 (1987). In each case the transformed cells are regenerated to whole plants using standard techniques known in the art.

[0164] Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a preferred technique for transformation of dicotyledons because of its high efficiency of transformation and its broad utility with many different species. Agrobacterium transformation typically involves the transfer of the binary vector carrying the foreign DNA of interest (e.g. pCIB200 or pCIB2001) to an appropriate Agrobacterium strain which may depend on the complement of vir genes carried by the host Agrobacterium strain either on a co-resident Ti plasmid or chromosomally (e.g., strain CIB542 for pCIB200 and pCIB2001 (Uknes et al., Plant Cell, 5: 159 (1993)). The transfer of the recombinant binary vector to Agrobacterium is accomplished by a triparental mating procedure using E. coli carrying the recombinant binary vector, a helper E. coli strain which carries a plasmid such as pRK2013 and which is able to mobilize the recombinant binary vector to the target Agrobacterium strain. Alternatively, the recombinant binary vector can be transferred to Agrobacterium by DNA transformation (Hofgen & Willmitzer, Nucl. Acids Res., 16: 9877 (1988)).

[0165] Transformation of the target plant species by recombinant Agrobacterium usually involves co-cultivation of the Agrobacterium with explants from the plant and follows protocols well known in the art. Transformed tissue is regenerated on selectable medium carrying the antibiotic or herbicide resistance marker present between the binary plasmid T-DNA borders.

[0166] The vectors may be introduced to plant cells in known ways. Preferred cells for transformation include Agrobacterium, monocot cells and dicots cells, including Liliopsida cells and Panicoideae cells. Preferred monocot cells are cereal cells, e.g., maize (corn), barley, and wheat, and starch accumulating dicot cells, e.g., potato.

[0167] Another approach to transforming a plant cell with a gene involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at plant tissues and cells. This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050, 5,036,006, and 5,100,792. Generally, this procedure involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at the cells under conditions effective to penetrate the outer surface of the cell and afford incorporation within the interior thereof. When inert particles are utilized, the vector can be introduced into the cell by coating the particles with the vector containing the desired gene. Alternatively, the target cell can be surrounded by the vector so that the vector is carried into the cell by the wake of the particle. Biologically active particles (e.g., dried yeast cells, dried bacterium or a bacteriophage, each containing DNA sought to be introduced) can also be propelled into plant cell tissue.

[0168] b. Transformation of Monocotyledons

[0169] Transformation of most monocotyledon species has now also become routine. Preferred techniques include direct gene transfer into protoplasts using polyethylene glycol (PEG) or electroporation techniques, and particle bombardment into callus tissue. Transformations can be undertaken with a single DNA species or multiple DNA species (i.e., co-transformation) and both these techniques are suitable for use with this invention. Co-transformation may have the advantage of avoiding complete vector construction and of generating transgenic plants with unlinked loci for the gene of interest and the selectable marker, enabling the removal of the selectable marker in subsequent generations, should this be regarded desirable. However, a disadvantage of the use of co-transformation is the less than 100% frequency with which separate DNA species are integrated into the genome (Schocher et al., Biotechnology, 4: 1093 1986)).

[0170] Patent Applications EP 0 292 435, EP 0 392 225, and WO 93/07278 describe techniques for the preparation of callus and protoplasts from an elite inbred line of maize, transformation of protoplasts using PEG or electroporation, and the regeneration of maize plants from transformed protoplasts. Gordon-Kamm et al. (Plant Cell, 2: 603 (1990)) and Fromm et al. (Biotechnology, 8: 833 (1990)) have published techniques for transformation of A188-derived maize line using particle bombardment. Furthermore, WO 93/07278 and Koziel et al. (Biotechnology, 11: 194 (1993)) describe techniques for the transformation of elite inbred lines of maize by particle bombardment. This technique utilizes immature maize embryos of 1.5-2.5 mm length excised from a maize ear 14-15 days after pollination and a PDS-lOOOHe Biolistics device for bombardment.

[0171] Transformation of rice can also be undertaken by direct gene transfer techniques utilizing protoplasts or particle bombardment. Protoplast-mediated transformation has been described for Japonica-types and Indica-types (Zhang et al., Plant Cell Rep, 7: 379 (1988); Shimamoto et al., Nature, 338: 274 (1989); Datta et al., Biotechnology, 8: 736 (1990)). Both types are also routinely transformable using particle bombardment (Christou et al., Biotechnology, 9: 957 (1991)). Furthermore, WO 93/21335 describes techniques for the transformation of rice via electroporation. Patent Application EP 0 332 581 describes techniques for the generation, transformation and regeneration of Pooideae protoplasts. These techniques allow the transformation of Dactylis and wheat. Furthermore, wheat transformation has been described by Vasil et al. (Biotechnology, 10: 667 (1992)) using particle bombardment into cells of type C long-term regenerable callus, and also by Vasil et al. (Biotechnology, 11: 1553 (1993)) and Weeks et al. (Plant Physiol., 102: 1077 (1993)) using particle bombardment of immature embryos and immature embryo-derived callus. A preferred technique for wheat transformation, however, involves the transformation of wheat by particle bombardment of immature embryos and includes either a high sucrose or a high maltose step prior to gene delivery. Prior to bombardment, any number of embryos (0.75-1 mm in length) are plated onto MS medium with 3% sucrose (Murashiga & Skoog, Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473 (1962)) and 3 mg/l 2,4-D for induction of somatic embryos, which is allowed to proceed in the dark. On the chosen day of bombardment, embryos are removed from the induction medium and placed onto the osmoticum (i.e., induction medium with sucrose or maltose added at the desired concentration, typically 15%). The embryos are allowed to plasmolyze for 2-3 hours and are then bombarded. Twenty embryos per target plate is typical, although not critical. An appropriate gene-carrying plasmid (such as pCIB3064 or pSG35) is precipitated onto micrometer size gold particles using standard procedures. Each plate of embryos is shot with the DuPont Biolistics® helium device using a burst pressure of about 1000 psi using a standard 80 mesh screen. After bombardment, the embryos are placed back into the dark to recover for about 24 hours (still on osmoticum). After 24 hours, the embryos are removed from the osmoticum and placed back onto induction medium where they stay for about a month before regeneration. Approximately one month later the embryo explants with developing embryogenic callus are transferred to regeneration medium (MS+1 mg/liter NAA, 5 mg/liter GA), further containing the appropriate selection agent (10 mg/l basta in the case of pCIB3064 and 2 mg/l methotrexate in the case of pSOG35). After approximately one month, developed shoots are transferred to larger sterile containers known as “GA7s” which contain half-strength MS, 2% sucrose, and the same concentration of selection agent.

[0172] Transformation of monocotyledons using Agrobacterium has also been described. See, WO 94/00977 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0173] c. Transformation of Plastids

[0174] Seeds of Nicotiana tabacum c.v. ‘Xanthi nc’ are germinated seven per plate in a 1″ circular array on T agar medium and bombarded 12-14 days after sowing with 1 μm tungsten particles (M10, Biorad, Hercules, Calif.) coated with DNA from plasmids pPH143 and pPH145 essentially as described (Svab and Maliga, PNAS, 90:913 (1993)). Bombarded seedlings are incubated on T medium for two days after which leaves are excised and placed abaxial side up in bright light (350-500 μmol photons/m²/s) on plates of RMOP medium (Svab, Hajdukiewicz and Maliga, PNAS, 87:8526 (1990)) containing 500 μg/ml spectinomycin dihydrochloride (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Resistant shoots appearing underneath the bleached leaves three to eight weeks after bombardment are subcloned onto the same selective medium, allowed to form callus, and secondary shoots isolated and subcloned. Complete segregation of transformed plastid genome copies (homoplasmicity) in independent subclones is assessed by standard techniques of Southern blotting (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor (1989)). BamHI/EcoRI-digested total cellular DNA (Mettler, I. J. Plant Mol Biol Reporter, 5:346 (1987)) is separated on 1% Tris-borate (TBE) agarose gels, transferred to nylon membranes (Amersham) and probed with ³²P-labeled random primed DNA sequences corresponding to a 0.7 kb BamHI/HindIII DNA fragment from pC8 containing a portion of the rps7/12 plastid targeting sequence. Homoplasmic shoots are rooted aseptically on spectinomycin-containing MS/IBA medium (McBride et al., PNAS, 91:7301 (1994)) and transferred to the greenhouse.

[0175] Production and Characterization of Stably Transformed Plants

[0176] Transformed plant cells are then placed in an appropriate selective medium for selection of transgenic cells, which are then grown to callus. Shoots are grown from callus and plantlets generated from the shoot by growing in rooting medium. The various constructs normally will be joined to a marker for selection in plant cells. Conveniently, the marker may be resistance to a biocide (particularly an antibiotic, such as kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, hygromycin, chloramphenicol, herbicide, or the like). The particular marker used will allow for selection of transformed cells as compared to cells lacking the DNA which has been introduced. Components of DNA constructs, including transcription/expression cassettes of this invention, may be prepared from sequences, which are native (endogenous) or foreign (exogenous) to the host. By “foreign” it is meant that the sequence is not found in the wild-type host into which the construct is introduced. Heterologous constructs will contain at least one region, which is not native to the gene from which the transcription-initiation-region is derived.

[0177] To confirm the presence of the transgenes in transgenic cells and plants, a Southern blot analysis can be performed using methods known to those skilled in the art. Integration of a polynucleic acid segment into the genome can be detected and quantitated by Southern blot, since they can be readily distinguished from constructs containing the segments through use of appropriate restriction enzymes. Expression products of the transgenes can be detected in any of a variety of ways, depending upon the nature of the product, and include Western blot and enzyme assay. One particularly useful way to quantitate protein expression and to detect replication in different plant tissues is to use a reporter gene, such as GUS. Once transgenic plants have been obtained, they may be grown to produce plant tissues or parts having the desired phenotype. The plant tissue or plant parts may be harvested, and/or the seed collected. The seed may serve as a source for growing additional plants with tissues or parts having the desired characteristics.

[0178] The invention thus provides a transformed plant or plant part, such as an ear, seed, fruit, grain, stover, chaff, or bagasse comprising at least one polynucleotide, expression cassette or vector of the invention, methods of making such a plant and methods of using such a plant or a part thereof. The transformed plant or plant part expresses a processing enzyme, optionally localized in a particular cellular or subcellular compartment of a certain tissue or in developing grain. For instance, the invention provides a transformed plant part comprising at least one starch processing enzyme present in the cells of the plant, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme. The processing enzyme does not act on the target substrate unless activated by methods such as heating, grinding, or other methods, which allow the enzyme to contact the substrate under conditions where the enzyme is active

Preferred Methods of the Present Invention

[0179] The self-processing plants and plant parts of the present invention may be used in various methods employing the processing enzymes (mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic) expressed and activated therein. In accordance with the present invention, a transgenic plant part obtained from a transgenic plant the genome of which is augmented with at least one processing enzyme, is placed under conditions in which the processing enzyme is expressed and activated. Upon activation, the processing enzyme is activated and functions to act on the substrate in which it normally acts to obtained the desired result. For example, the starch-processing enzymes act upon starch to degrade, hydrolyze, isomerize, or otherwise modify to obtain the desired result upon activation. Non-starch processing enzymes may be used to disrupt the plant cell membrane in order to facilitate the extraction of starch, lipids, amino acids, or other products from the plants. Moreover, non-hyperthermophilic and hyperthermophilic enzymes may be used in combination in the self-processing plant or plant parts of the present invention. For example, a mesophilic non-starch degrading enzyme may be activated to disrupt the plant cell membrane for starch extraction, and subsequently, a hyperthermophilic starch-degrading enzyme may then be activated in the self-processing plant to degrade the starch.

[0180] Enzymes expressed in grain can be activated by placing the plant or plant part containing them in conditions in which their activity is promoted. For example, one or more of the following techniques may be used: The plant part may be contacted with water, which provides a substrate for a hydrolytic enzyme and thus will activate the enzyme. The plant part may be contacted with water which will allow enzyme to migrate from the compartment into which it was deposited during development of the plant part and thus to associate with its substrate. Movement of the enzyme is possible because compartmentalization is breached during maturation, drying of grain and re-hydration. The intact or cracked grain may be contacted with water which will allow enzyme to migrate from the compartment into which it was deposited during development of the plant part and thus to associate with its substrate. Enzymes can also be activated by addition of an activating compound. For example, a calcium-dependent enzyme can be activated by addition of calcium. Other activating compounds may determined by those skilled in the art. Enzymes can be activated by removal of an inactivator. For example, there are known peptide inhibitors of amylase enzymes, the amylase could be co-expressed with an amylase inhibitor and then activated by addition of a protease. Enzymes can be activated by alteration of pH to one at which the enzyme is most active. Enzymes can also be activated by increasing temperature. An enzyme generally increases in activity up to the maximal temperature for that enzyme. A mesophilic enzyme will increase in activity from the level of activity ambient temperature up to the temperature at which it loses activity which is typically less than or equal to 70° C. Similarly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic enzymes can also be activated by increasing temperature. Thermophilic enzymes can be activated by heating to temperatures up to the maximal temperature of activity or of stability. For a thermophilic enzyme the maximal temperatures of stability and activity will generally be between 70 and 85° C. Hyperthermophilic enzymes will have the even greater relative activation than mesophilic or thermophilic enzymes because of the greater potential change in temperature from 25° C. up to 85° C. to 95° C. or even 100° C. The increased temperature may be achieved by any method, for example by heating such as by baking, boiling, heating, steaming, electrical discharge or any combination thereof. Moreover, in plants expressing mesophilic or thermophilic enzyme(s), activation of the enzyme may be accomplished by grinding, thereby allowing the enzyme to contact the substrate.

[0181] The optimal conditions, e.g., temperature, hydration, pH, etc, may be determined by one having skill in the art and may depend upon the individual enzyme being employed and the desired application of the enzyme.

[0182] The present invention further provides for the use of exogenous enzymes that may assist in a particular process. For example, the use of a self-processing plant or plant part of the present invention may be used in combination with an exogenously provided enzyme to facilitate the reaction. As an example, transgenic α-amylase corn may be used in combination with other starch-processing enzymes, such as pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, mannanases, hemicellulases, etc., to hydrolyze starch or produce ethanol. In fact, it has been found that combinations of the transgenic α-amylase corn with such enzymes has unexpectedly provided superior degrees of starch conversion relative to the use of transgenic α-amylase corn alone.

[0183] Example of suitable methods contemplated herein are provided.

[0184] a. Starch Extraction From Plants

[0185] The invention provides for a method of facilitating the extraction of starch from plants. In particular, at least one polynucleotide encoding a processing enzyme that disrupt the physically restraining matrix of the endosperm (cell walls, non-starch polysaccharide, and protein matrix) is introduced to a plant so that the enzyme is preferably in close physical proximity to starch granules in the plant. Preferably, in this embodiment of the invention, transformed plants express one or more protease, glucanase, xylanase, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, esterase and the like, but not enzymes that have any starch degrading activity, so as to maintain the integrity of the starch granules. The expression of these enzymes in a plant part such as grain thus improves the process characteristics of grain. The processing enzyme may be mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic. In one example, grain from a transformed plant of the invention is heat dried, likely inactivating non-hyperthermophilic processing enzymes and improving seed integrity. Grain (or cracked grain) is steeped at low temperatures or high temperatures (where time is of the essence) with high or low moisture content or conditions (see Primary Cereal Processing, Gordon and Willm, eds., pp. 319-337 (1994), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein), with or without sulphur dioxide. Upon reaching elevated temperatures, optionally at certain moisture conditions, the integrity of the endosperm matrix is disrupted by activating the enzymes, e.g., proteases, xylanases, phytase or glucanases which degrade the proteins and non-starch polysaccharides present in the endosperm leaving the starch granule therein intact and more readily recoverable from the resulting material. Further, the proteins and non-starch polysaccharides in the effluent are at least partially degraded and highly concentrated, and so may be used for improved animal feed, food, or as media components for the fermentation of microorganisms. The effluent is considered a corn-steep liquor with improved composition.

[0186] Thus, the invention provides a method to prepare starch granules. The method comprises treating grain, for example cracked grain, which comprises at least one non-starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, yielding a mixture comprising starch granules and non-starch degradation products, e.g., digested endosperm matrix products. The non-starch processing enzyme may be mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic. After activation of the enzyme, the starch granules are separated from the mixture. The grain is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which comprises (is augmented with) an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme. For example, the processing enzyme may be a protease, glucanase, xylanase, phytase, thiroredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, or esterase. Preferably, the processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic. The grain can be treated under low or high moisture conditions, in the presence or absence of sulfur dioxide. Depending on the activity and expression level of the processing enzyme in the grain from the transgenic plant, the transgenic grain may be mixed with commodity grain prior to or during processing. Also provided are products obtained by the method such as starch, non-starch products and improved steepwater comprising at least one additional component.

[0187] b. Starch-Processing Methods

[0188] Transformed plants or plant parts of the present invention may comprise starch-degrading enzymes as disclosed herein that degrade starch granules to dextrins, other modified starches, or hexoses (e.g., α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, amylopullulanase) or convert glucose into fructose (e.g., glucose isomerase). Preferably, the starch-degrading enzyme is selected from α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, neopullulanase, amylopullulanase, glucose isomerase, and combinations thereof is used to transform the grain. Moreover, preferably, the enzyme is operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to the starch granule, an amyloplast, the apoplast, or the endoplasmic reticulum. Most preferably, the enzyme is expressed in the endosperm, and particularly, corn endosperm, and localized to one or more cellular compartments, or within the starch granule itself. The preferred plant part is grain. Preferred plant parts are those from corn, wheat, barley, rye, oat, sugar cane, or rice.

[0189] In accordance with one starch-degrading method of the present invention, the transformed grain accumulates the starch-degrading enzyme in starch granules, is steeped at conventional temperatures of 50° C.-60° C., and wet-milled as is known in the art. Preferably, the starch-degrading enzyme is hyperthermophilic. Because of sub-cellular targeting of the enzyme to the starch granule, or by virtue of the association of the enzyme with the starch granule, by contacting the enzyme and starch granule during the wet-milling process at the conventional temperatures, the processing enzyme is co-purified with the starch granules to obtain the starch granules/enzyme mixture. Subsequent to the recovery of the starch granules/enzyme mixture, the enzyme is then activated by providing favorable conditions for the activity of the enzyme. For example, the processing may be performed in various conditions of moisture and/or temperature to facilitate the partial (in order to make derivatized starches or dextrins) or complete hydrolysis of the starch into hexoses. Syrups containing high dextrose or fructose equivalents are obtained in this manner. This method effectively reduces the time, energy, and enzyme costs and the efficiency with which starch is converted to the corresponding hexose, and the efficiency of the production of products, like high sugar steepwater and higher dextrose equivalent syrups, are increased.

[0190] In another embodiment, a plant, or a product of the plant such as a fruit or grain, or flour made from the grain that expresses the enzyme is treated to activate the enzyme and convert polysaccharides expressed and contained within the plant into sugars. Preferably, the enzyme is fused to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule, an amyloplast, the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum as disclosed herein. The sugar produced may then be isolated or recovered from the plant or the product of the plant. In another embodiment, a processing enzyme able to convert polysaccharides into sugars is placed under the control of an inducible promoter according to methods known in the art and disclosed herein. The processing enzyme may be mesophilic, thermophilic or hyperthermophilic. The plant is grown to a desired stage and the promoter is induced causing expression of the enzyme and conversion of the polysaccharides, within the plant or product of the plant, to sugars. Preferably the enzyme is operably linked to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule, an amyloplast, an apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum. In another embodiment, a transformed plant is produced that expresses a processing enzyme able to convert starch into sugar. The enzyme is fused to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule within the plant. Starch is then isolated from the transformed plant that contains the enzyme expressed by the transformed plant. The enzyme contained in the isolated starch may then be activated to convert the starch into sugar. The enzyme may be mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic. Examples of hyperthermophilic enzymes able to convert starch to sugar are provided herein. The methods may be used with any plant which produces a polysaccharide and that can express an enzyme able to convert a polysaccharide into sugars or hydrolyzed starch product such as dextrin, maltooligosaccharide, glucose and/or mixtures thereof.

[0191] The invention provides a method to produce dextrins and altered starches from a plant, or a product from a plant, that has been transformed with a processing enzyme which hydrolyses certain covalent bonds of a polysaccharide to form a polysaccharide derivative. In one embodiment, a plant, or a product of the plant such as a fruit or grain, or flour made from the grain that expresses the enzyme is placed under conditions sufficient to activate the enzyme and convert polysaccharides contained within the plant into polysaccharides of reduced molecular weight. Preferably, the enzyme is fused to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule, an amyloplast, the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum as disclosed herein. The dextrin or derivative starch produced may then be isolated or recovered from the plant or the product of the plant. In another embodiment, a processing enzyme able to convert polysaccharides into dextrins or altered starches is placed under the control of an inducible promoter according to methods known in the art and disclosed herein. The plant is grown to a desired stage and the promoter is induced causing expression of the enzyme and conversion of the polysaccharides, within the plant or product of the plant, to dextrins or altered starches. Preferably the enzyme is α-amylase, pullulanase, iso or neo-pullulanase and is operably linked to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule, an amyloplast, the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum. In one embodiment, the enzyme is targeted to the apoplast or to the endoreticulum. In yet another embodiment, a transformed plant is produced that expresses an enzyme able to convert starch into dextrins or altered starches. The enzyme is fused to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to a starch granule within the plant. Starch is then isolated from the transformed plant that contains the enzyme expressed by the transformed plant. The enzyme contained in the isolated starch may then be activated under conditions sufficient for activation to convert the starch into dextrins or altered starches. Examples of hyperthermophilic enzymes, for example, able to convert starch to hydrolyzed starch products are provided herein. The methods may be used with any plant which produces a polysaccharide and that can express an enzyme able to convert a polysaccharide into sugar.

[0192] In another embodiment, grain from transformed plants of the invention that accumulate starch-degrading enzymes that degrade linkages in starch granules to dextrins, modified starches or hexose (e.g., α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, amylopullulanase) is steeped under conditions favoring the activity of the starch degrading enzyme for various periods of time. The resulting mixture may contain high levels of the starch-derived product. The use of such grain: 1) eliminates the need to mill the grain, or otherwise process the grain to first obtain starch granules, 2) makes the starch more accessible to enzymes by virtue of placing the enzymes directly within the endosperm tissue of the grain, and 3) eliminates the need for microbially produced starch-hydrolyzing enzymes. Thus, the entire process of wet-milling prior to hexose recovery is eliminated by simply heating grain, preferably corn grain, in the presence of water to allow the enzymes to act on the starch.

[0193] This process can also be employed for the production of ethanol, high fructose syrups, hexose (glucose) containing fermentation media, or any other use of starch that does not require the refinement of grain components.

[0194] The invention further provides a method of preparing dextrin, maltooligosaccharides, and/or sugar involving treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions so as to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising sugars. The plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme. The aqueous solution comprising dextrins, maltooligosaccharides, and/or sugar is then collected. In one embodiment, the processing enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pullulanase, glucoamylase, amylopullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolating the dextrins, maltooligosaccharides, and/or sugar.

[0195] c. Improved Corn Varieties

[0196] The invention also provides for the production of improved corn varieties (and varieties of other crops) that have normal levels of starch accumulation, and accumulate sufficient levels of amylolytic enzyme(s) in their endosperm, or starch accumulating organ, such that upon activation of the enzyme contained therein, such as by boiling or heating the plant or a part thereof in the case of a hyperthermophilic enzyme, the enzyme(s) is activated and facilitates the rapid conversion of the starch into simple sugars. These simple sugars (primarily glucose) will provide sweetness to the treated corn. The resulting corn plant is an improved variety for dual use as a grain producing hybrid and as sweet corn. Thus, the invention provides a method to produce hyper-sweet corn, comprising treating transformed corn or a part thereof, the genome of which is augmented with and expresses in endosperm an expression cassette comprising a promoter operably linked to a first polynucleotide encoding at least one amylolytic enzyme, conditions which activate the at least one enzyme so as to convert polysaccharides in the corn into sugar, yielding hypersweet corn. The promoter may be a constitutive promoter, a seed-specific promoter, or an endosperm-specific promoter which is linked to a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a processing enzyme such as α-amylase, e.g., one comprising SEQ ID NO:13, 14, or 16. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. In one embodiment, the expression cassette further comprises a second polynucleotide which encodes a signal sequence operably linked to the enzyme encoded by the first polynucleotide. Exemplary signal sequences in this embodiment of the invention direct the enzyme to apoplast, the endoplasmic reticulum, a starch granule, or to an amyloplast. The corn plant is grown such that the ears with kernels are formed and then the promoter is induced to cause the enzyme to be expressed and convert polysaccharide contained within the plant into sugar.

[0197] d. Self-Fermenting Plants

[0198] In another embodiment of the invention, plants, such as corn, rice, wheat, or sugar cane are engineered to accumulate large quantities of processing enzymes in their cell walls, e.g., xylanases, cellulases, hemicellulases, glucanases, pectinases and the like (non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes). Following the harvesting of the grain component (or sugar in the case of sugar cane), the stover, chaff, or bagasse is used as a source of the enzyme, which was targeted for expression and accumulation in the cell walls, and as a source of biomass. The stover (or other left-over tissue) is used as a feedstock in a process to recover fermentable sugars. The process of obtaining the fermentable sugars consists of activating the non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme. For example, activation may comprise heating the plant tissue in the presence of water for periods of time adequate for the hydrolysis of the non-starch polysaccharide into the resulting sugars. Thus, this self-processing stover produces the enzymes required for conversion of polysaccharides into monosaccharides, essentially at no incremental cost as they are a component of the feedstock. Further, the temperature-dependent enzymes have no detrimental effects on plant growth and development, and cell wall targeting, even targeting into polysaccharide microfibrils by virtue of cellulose/xylose binding domains fused to the protein, improves the accessibility of the substrate to the enzyme.

[0199] Thus, the invention also provides a method of using a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme in the cell wall of the cells of the plant part. The method comprises treating a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme; and collecting the aqueous solution comprising the sugars. The invention also includes a transformed plant or plant part comprising at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme present in the cell or cell wall of the cells of the plant or plant part. The plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch processing enzyme, e.g., a xylanase, a cellulase, a glucanase, a pectinase, or any combination thereof.

[0200] e. Aqueous Phase High in Protein and Sugar Content

[0201] In yet another embodiment, proteases and lipases are engineered to accumulate in seeds, e.g., soybean seeds. After activation of the protease or lipase, such as, for example, by heating, these enzymes in the seeds hydrolyze the lipid and storage proteins present in soybeans during processing. Soluble products comprising amino acids, which can be used as feed, food or fermentation media, and fatty acids, can thus be obtained. Polysaccharides are typically found in the insoluble fraction of processed grain. However, by combining polysaccharide degrading enzyme expression and accumulation in seeds, proteins and polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed and are found in the aqueous phase. For example, zeins from corn and storage protein and non-starch polysaccharides from soybean can be solubilized in this manner. Components of the aqueous and hydrophobic phases can be easily separated by extraction with organic solvent or supercritical carbon dioxide. Thus, what is provided is a method for producing an aqueous extract of grain that contains higher levels of protein, amino acids, sugars or saccharides.

[0202] f. Self-Processing Fermentation

[0203] The invention provides a method to produce ethanol, a fermented beverage, or other fermentation-derived product(s). The method involves obtaining a plant, or the product or part of a plant, or plant derivative such as grain flour, wherein a processing enzyme that converts polysaccharides into sugar is expressed. The plant, or product thereof, is treated such that sugar is produced by conversion of the polysaccharide as described above. The sugars and other components of the plant are then fermented to form ethanol or a fermented beverage, or other fermentation-derived products, according to methods known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,452. Briefly the sugar produced by conversion of polysaccharides is incubated with yeast under conditions that promote conversion of the sugar into ethanol. A suitable yeast includes high alcohol-tolerant and high-sugar tolerant strains of yeast, such as, for example, the yeast, S. cerevisiae ATCC No. 20867. This strain was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., on Sep. 17, 1987 and assigned ATCC No. 20867. The fermented product or fermented beverage may then be distilled to isolate ethanol or a distilled beverage, or the fermentation product otherwise recovered. The plant used in this method may be any plant that contains a polysaccharide and is able to express an enzyme of the invention. Many such plants are disclosed herein. Preferably the plant is one that is grown commercially. More preferably the plant is one that is normally used to produce ethanol or fermented beverages, or fermented products, such as, for example, wheat, barley, corn, rye, potato, grapes or rice. Most preferably the plant is corn.

[0204] The method comprises treating a plant part comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide in the plant part to form fermentable sugar. The polysaccharide processing enzyme may be mesophilic, thermophilic, or hyperthermophilic. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. The plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme. Plant parts for this embodiment of the invention include, but are not limited to, grain, fruit, seed, stalk, wood, vegetable or root. Preferred plants include but are not limited to oat, barley, wheat, berry, grape, rye, corn, rice, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapple, grass and tree. The plant part may be combined with commodity grain or other commercially available substrates; the source of the substrate for processing may be a source other than the self-processing plant. The fermentable sugar is then incubated under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol, e.g., with yeast and/or other microbes. In a preferred embodiment, the plant part is derived from corn transformed with α-amylase, which has been found to reduce the amount of time and cost of fermentation.

[0205] It has been found that the amount of residual starch is reduced when transgenic corn made in accordance with the present invention expressing a thermostable α-amylase, for example, is used in fermentation. This indicates that more starch is solubilized during fermentation. The reduced amount of residual starch results in the distillers' grains having higher protein content by weight and higher value. Moreover, the fermentation of the transgenic corn of the present invention allows the liquefaction process to be performed at a lower pH, resulting in savings in the cost of chemicals used to adjust the pH, at a higher temperature, e.g., greater than 85° C., preferably, greater than 90° C., more preferably, 95° C. or higher, resulting in shorter liquefaction times and more complete solubilization of starch, and reduction of liquefaction times, all resulting in efficient fermentation reactions with higher yields of ethanol.

[0206] Moreover, it has been found that contacting conventional plant parts with even a small portion of the transgenic plant made in accordance with the present invention may reduce the fermentation time and costs associated therewith. As such, the present invention relates to the reduction in the fermentation time for plants comprising subjecting a transgenic plant part from a plant comprising a polysaccharide processing enzyme that converts polysaccharides into sugar relative to the use of a plant part not comprising the polysaccharide processing enzyme.

[0207] g. Raw Starch Processing Enzymes and Polynucleotides Encoding Them

[0208] A polynucleotide encoding a mesophilic processing enzyme(s) is introduced into a plant or plant part. In a preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is a maize-optimized polynucleotide such as provided in SEQ ID NOs: 48, 50, and 59, encoding a glucoamylase, such as provided in SEQ ID NOs: 47, and 49. In another preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is a maize-optimized polynucleotide such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 52, encoding an alpha-such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 51. Moreover, fusion products of processing enzymes is further contemplated. In one preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide of the present invention is a maize-optimized polynucleotide such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 46, encoding an alpha-amylase and glucoamylase fusion, such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 45. Combinations of processing enzymes are further envisioned by the present invention. For example, a combination of starch-processing enzymes and non-starch processing enzymes is contemplated herein. Such combinations of processing enzymes may be obtained by employing the use of multiple gene constructs encoding each of the enzymes. Alternatively, the individual transgenic plants stably transformed with the enzymes may be crossed by known methods to obtain a plant containing both enzymes. Another method includes the use of exogenous enzyme(s) with the transgenic plant.

[0209] The source of the starch-processing and non-starch processing enzymes may be isolated or derived from any source and the polynucleotides corresponding thereto may be ascertained by one having skill in the art. Preferably, the α-amylase is derived from Aspergillus (e.g., Aspergillus shirousami and Aspergillus niger), Rhizopus (eg., Rhizopus oryzae), and plants such as corn, barley, and rice. Preferably the glucoamylase is derived from Aspergillus (e.g., Aspergillus shirousami and Aspergillus niger), Rhizopus (eg., Rhizopus oryzae), and Thermoanaerobacter (eg., Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum).

[0210] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotide encodes a mesophilic starch-processing enzyme that is operably linked to a maize-optimized polynucleotide such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 54, encoding a raw starch binding domain, such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 53.

[0211] In another embodiment, a tissue-specific promoter includes the endosperm-specific promoters such as the maize γ-zein promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:12) or the maize ADP-gpp promoter (exemplified by SEQ ID NO:11, which includes a 5′ untranslated and an intron sequence). Thus, the present invention includes an isolated polynucleotide comprising a promoter comprising SEQ ID NO:11 or 12, a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement thereof under low stringency hybridization conditions, or a fragment thereof which has promoter activity, e.g., at least 10%, and preferably at least 50%, the activity of a promoter having SEQ ID NO:11 or 12.

[0212] In one embodiment, the product from a starch-hydrolysis gene, such as α-amylase, glucoamylase, or α-amylase/glucoamylase fusion may be targeted to a particular organelle or location such as the endoplasmic reticulum or apoplast, rather than to the cytoplasm. This is exemplified by the use of the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:17), which confers apoplast-specific targeting of proteins, and the use pf the γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (SEQ ID NO:17) which is operably linked to the processing enzyme that is operably linked to the sequence SEKDEL for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Directing the protein or enzyme to a specific compartment will allow the enzyme to be localized in a manner that it will not come into contact with the substrate. In this manner the enzymatic action of the enzyme will not occur until the enzyme contacts its substrate. The enzyme can be contacted with its substrate by the process of milling (physical disruption of the cell integrity) and hydrating. For example, a mesophilic starch-hydrolyzing enzyme can be targeted to the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum and will therefore not come into contact with starch granules in the amyloplast. Milling of the grain will disrupt the integrity of the grain and the starch hydrolyzing enzyme will then contact the starch granules. In this manner the potential negative effects of co-localization of an enzyme and its substrate can be circumvented.

[0213] h. Food Products Without Added Sweetener

[0214] Also provided is a method to produce a sweetened farinaceous food product without adding additional sweetener. Examples of farinaceous products include, but are not limited to, breakfast food, ready to eat food, baked food, pasta and cereal products such as breakfast cereal. The method comprises treating a plant part comprising at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the starch processing enzyme, thereby processing starch granules in the plant part to sugars so as to form a sweetened product, e.g., relative to the product produced by processing starch granules from a plant part which does not comprise the hyperthermophilic enzyme. Preferably, the starch processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic and is activated by heating, such as by baking, boiling, heating, steaming, electrical discharge, or any combination thereof. The plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, for instance from transformed soybean, rye, oat, barley, wheat, corn, rice or sugar cane, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one hyperthermophilic starch processing enzyme, e.g., α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. The sweetened product is then processed into a farinaceous food product. The invention also provides a farinaceous food product, e.g., a cereal food, a breakfast food, a ready to eat food, or a baked food, produced by the method. The farinaceous food product may be formed from the sweetened product and water, and may contain malt, flavorings, vitamins, minerals, coloring agents or any combination thereof.

[0215] The enzyme may be activated to convert polysaccharides contained within the plant material into sugar prior to inclusion of the plant material into the cereal product or during the processing of the cereal product. Accordingly, polysaccharides contained within the plant material may be converted into sugar by activating the material, such as by heating in the case of a hyperthermophilic enzyme, prior to inclusion in the farinaceous product. The plant material containing sugar produced by conversion of the polysaccharides is then added to the product to produce a sweetened product. Alternatively, the polysaccharides may be converted into sugars by the enzyme during the processing of the farinaceous product. Examples of processes used to make cereal products are well known in the art and include heating, baking, boiling and the like as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,183,788; 6,159,530; 6,149,965; 4,988,521 and 5,368,870.

[0216] Briefly, dough may be prepared by blending various dry ingredients together with water and cooking to gelatinize the starchy components and to develop a cooked flavor. The cooked material can then be mechanically worked to form a cooked dough, such as cereal dough. The dry ingredients may include various additives such as sugars, starch, salt, vitamins, minerals, colorings, flavorings, salt and the like. In addition to water, various liquid ingredients such as corn (maize) or malt syrup can be added. The farinaceous material may include cereal grains, cut grains, grits or flours from wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley, rye, or other cereal grains and mixtures thereof from that a transformed plant of the invention. The dough may then be processed into a desired shape through a process such as extrusion or stamping and further cooked using means such as a James cooker, an oven or an electrical discharge device.

[0217] Further provided is a method to sweeten a starch containing product without adding sweetener. The method comprises treating starch comprising at least one starch processing enzyme conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting the starch to form a sugar thereby forming a treated (sweetened) starch, e.g., relative to the product produced by treating starch which does not comprise the hyperthermophilic enzyme. The starch of the invention is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme. Preferred enzymes include α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic and is activated with heat. Preferred transformed plants include corn, soybean, rye, oat, barley, wheat, rice and sugar cane. The treated starch is then added to a product to produce a sweetened starch containing product, e.g., a farinaceous food product. Also provided is a sweetened starch containing product produced by the method.

[0218] The invention further provides a method to sweeten a polysaccharide containing fruit or vegetable comprising: treating a fruit or vegetable comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby processing the polysaccharide in the fruit or vegetable to form sugar, yielding a sweetened fruit or vegetable, e.g., relative to a fruit or vegetable from a plant which does not comprise the polysaccharide processing enzyme. The fruit or vegetable of the invention is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme. Preferred fruits and vegetables include potato, tomato, banana, squash, pea, and bean. Preferred enzymes include α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0219] i. Sweetening a Polysaccharide Containing Plant or Plant Product

[0220] The method involves obtaining a plant that expresses a polysaccharide processing enzyme which converts a polysaccharide into a sugar as described above. Accordingly the enzyme is expressed in the plant and in the products of the plant, such as in a fruit or vegetable. In one embodiment, the enzyme is placed under the control of an inducible promoter such that expression of the enzyme may be induced by an external stimulus. Such inducible promoters and constructs are well known in the art and are described herein. Expression of the enzyme within the plant or product thereof causes polysaccharide contained within the plant or product thereof to be converted into sugar and to sweeten the plant or product thereof. In another embodiment, the polysaccharide processing enzyme is constitutively expressed. Thus, the plant or product thereof may be activated under conditions sufficient to activate the enzyme to convert the polysaccharides into sugar through the action of the enzyme to sweeten the plant or product thereof. As a result, this self-processing of the polysaccharide in the fruit or vegetable to form sugar yields a sweetened fruit or vegetable, e.g., relative to a fruit or vegetable from a plant which does not comprise the polysaccharide processing enzyme. The fruit or vegetable of the invention is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme. Preferred fruits and vegetables include potato, tomato, banana, squash, pea, and bean. Preferred enzymes include α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the polysaccharide processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.

[0221] j. Isolation of Starch from Transformed Grain that Contains a Enzyme which Disrupts the Endosperm Matrix

[0222] The invention provides a method to isolate starch from a transformed grain wherein an enzyme is expressed that disrupts the endosperm matrix. The method involves obtaining a plant that expresses an enzyme which disrupts the endosperm matrix by modification of, for example, cell walls, non-starch polysaccharides and/or proteins. Examples of such enzymes include, but are not limited to, proteases, glucanases, thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and esterase. Such enzymes do not include any enzyme that exhibits starch-degrading activity so as to maintain the integrity of the starch granules. Preferably the enzyme is fused to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to the starch granule. In one embodiment the grain is heat dried to activate the enzyme and inactivate the endogenous enzymes contained within the grain. The heat treatment causes activation of the enzyme, which acts to disrupt the endosperm matrix which is then easily separated from the starch granules. In another embodiment, the grain is steeped at low or high temperature, with high or low moisture content, with or without sulfur dioxide. The grain is then heat treated to disrupt the endosperm matrix and allow for easy separation of the starch granules. In another embodiment, proper temperature and moisture conditions are created to allow proteases to enter into the starch granules and degrade proteins contained within the granules. Such treatment would produce starch granules with high yield and little contaminating protein.

[0223] k. Syrup having a High Sugar Equivalent and use of the Syrup to Produce Ethanol or a Fermented Beverage

[0224] The method involves obtaining a plant that expresses a polysaccharide processing enzyme which converts a polysaccharide into a sugar as described above. The plant, or product thereof, is steeped in an aqueous stream under conditions where the expressed enzyme converts polysaccharide contained within the plant, or product thereof, into dextrin, maltooligosaccharide, and/or sugar. The aqueous stream containing the dextrin, maltooligosaccharide, and/or sugar produced through conversion of the polysaccharide is then separated to produce a syrup having a high sugar equivalent. The method may or may not include an additional step of wet-milling the plant or product thereof to obtain starch granules. Examples of enzymes that may be used within the method include, but are not limited to, α-amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase and α-glucosidase. Preferably, the enzyme is hyperthermophilic. Sugars produced according to the method include, but are not limited to, hexose, glucose and fructose. Examples of plants that may be used with the method include, but are not limited to, corn, wheat or barley. Examples of products of a plant that may be used include, but are not limited to, fruit, grain and vegetables. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide processing enzyme is placed under the control of an inducible promoter. Accordingly, prior to or during the steeping process, the promoter is induced to cause expression of the enzyme, which then provides for the conversion of polysaccharide into sugar. Examples of inducible promoters and constructs containing them are well known in the art and are provided herein. Thus, where the polysaccharide processing is hyperthermophilic, the steeping is performed at a high temperature to activate the hyperthermophilic enzyme and inactivate endogenous enzymes found within the plant or product thereof. In another embodiment, a hyperthermophilic enzyme able to convert polysaccharide into sugar is constitutively expressed. This enzyme may or may not be targeted to a compartment within the plant through use of a signal sequence. The plant, or product thereof, is steeped under high temperature conditions to cause the conversion of polysaccharides contained within the plant into sugar.

[0225] Also provided is a method to produce ethanol or a fermented beverage from syrup having a high sugar equivalent. The method involves incubating the syrup with yeast under conditions that allow conversion of sugar contained within the syrup into ethanol or a fermented beverage. Examples of such fermented beverages include, but are not limited to, beer and wine. Fermentation conditions are well known in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,452 and herein. Preferably the yeast is a high alcohol-tolerant and high-sugar tolerant strain of yeast such as S. cerevisiae ATCC No. 20867. The fermented product or fermented beverage may be distilled to isolate ethanol or a distilled beverage.

[0226] 1. Accumulation of Hyperthermophilic Enzyme in the Cell Wall of a Plant

[0227] The invention provides a method to accumulate a hyperthermophilic enzyme in the cell wall of a plant. The method involves expressing within a plant a hyperthermophilic enzyme that is fused to a cell wall targeting signal such that the targeted enzyme accumulates in the cell wall. Preferably the enzyme is able to convert polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Examples of targeting sequences include, but are not limited to, a cellulose or xylose binding domain. Examples of hyperthermophilic enzymes include those listed in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15 or 16. Plant material containing cell walls may be added as a source of desired enzymes in a process to recover sugars from the feedstock or as a source of enzymes for the conversion of polysaccharides originating from other sources to monosaccharides. Additionally, the cell walls may serve as a source from which enzymes may be purified. Methods to purify enzymes are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, isoelectric focusing, affinity chromatography, FPLC, HPLC, salt precipitation, dialysis, and the like. Accordingly, the invention also provides purified enzymes isolated from the cell walls of plants.

[0228] m. Method of Preparing and Isolating Processing Enzymes

[0229] In accordance with the present invention, recombinantly-produced processing enzymes of the present invention may be prepared by transforming plant tissue or plant cell comprising the processing enzyme of the present invention capable of being activated in the plant, selected for the transformed plant tissue or cell, growing the transformed plant tissue or cell into a transformed plant, and isolating the processing enzyme from the transformed plant or part thereof. Preferably, the recombinantly-produced enzyme is an α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase. Most preferably, the enzyme is encoded by the polynucleotide selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59.

[0230] The invention will be further described by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of Maize-Optimized Genes for Hyperthermophilic Starch-Processing/Isomerization Enzymes

[0231] The enzymes, α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, and glucose isomerase, involved in starch degradation or glucose isomerization were selected for their desired activity profiles. These include, for example, minimal activity at ambient temperature, high temperature activity/stability, and activity at low pH. The corresponding genes were then designed by using maize preferred codons as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,136 and synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (Coralville, Iowa).

[0232] The 797GL3 α-amylase, having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1, was selected for its hyperthermophilic activity. This enzyme's nucleic acid sequence was deduced and maize-optimized as represented in SEQ ID NO:2. Similarly, the 6gp3 pullulanase was selected having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The nucleic acid sequence for the 6gp3 pullulanase was deduced and maize-optimized as represented in SEQ ID NO:4.

[0233] The amino acid sequence for malA α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus was obtained from the literature, J. Bact. 177:482-485 (1995); J. Bact. 180:1287-1295 (1998). Based on the published amino acid sequence of the protein (SEQ ID NO:5), the maize-optimized synthetic gene (SEQ ID NO:6) encoding the malA α-glucosidase was designed.

[0234] Several glucose isomerase enzymes were selected. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:18) for glucose isomerase derived from Thermotoga maritima was predicted based on the published DNA sequence having Accession No. NC_(—)000853 and a maize-optimized synthetic gene was designed (SEQ ID NO:19). Similarly the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:20) for glucose isomerase derived from Thermotoga neapolitana was predicted based on the published DNA sequence from Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 61(5):1867-1875 (1995), Accession No. L38994. A maize-optimized synthetic gene encoding the Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase was designed (SEQ ID NO:21).

Example 2 Expression of Fusion of 797GL3 α-Amylase and Starch Encapsulating Region in E. coli

[0235] A construct encoding hyperthermophilic 797GL3 α-amylase fused to the starch encapsulating region (SER) from maize granule-bound starch synthase (waxy) was introduced and expressed in E. coli. The maize granule-bound starch synthase cDNA (SEQ ID NO:7) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8)(Klosgen RB, et al. 1986) was cloned as a source of a starch binding domain, or starch encapsulating region (SER). The full-length cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR from RNA prepared from maize seed using primers SV57 (5′AGCGAATTCATGGCGGCTCTGGCCACGT 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 22) and SV58 (5′AGCTAAGCTTCAGGGCGCGGCCACGTTCT 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 23) designed from GenBank Accession No. X03935. The complete cDNA was cloned into pBluescript as an EcoRI/HindIII fragment and the plasmid designated pNOV4022.

[0236] The C-terminal portion (encoded by bp 919-1818) of the waxy cDNA, including the starch-binding domain, was amplified from pNOV4022 and fused in-frame to the 3′ end of the full-length maize-optimized 797GL3 gene (SEQ ID NO:2). The fused gene product, 797GL3/Waxy, having the nucleic acid SEQ ID NO:9 and encoding the amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO:10, was cloned as an NcoI/XbaI fragment into pET28b (NOVAGEN, Madison, Wis.) that was cut with NcoI/NheI. The 797GL3 gene alone was also cloned into the pET28b vector as an NcoI/XbaI fragment.

[0237] The pET28/797GL3 and the pET28/797GL3/Waxy vectors were transformed into BL21/DE3 E. coli cells (NOVAGEN) and grown and induced according to the manufacturer's instruction. Analysis by PAGE/Coomassie staining revealed an induced protein in both extracts corresponding to the predicted sizes of the fused and unfused amylase, respectively.

[0238] Total cell extracts were analyzed for hyperthermophilic amylase activity as follows: 5 mg of starch was suspended in 20 μl of water then diluted with 25 μl of ethanol. The standard amylase positive control or the sample to be tested for amylase activity was added to the mixture and water was added to a final reaction volume of 500 μl. The reaction was carried out at 80° C. for 15-45 minutes. The reaction was then cooled down to room temperature, and 500 μl of o-dianisidine and glucose oxidase/peroxidase mixture (Sigma) was added. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. 500 μl of 12 N sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction. Absorbance at 540 nm was measured to quantitate the amount of glucose released by the amylase/sample. Assay of both the fused and unfused amylase extracts gave similar levels of hyperthermophilic amylase activity, whereas control extracts were negative. This indicated that the 797GL3 amylase was still active (at high temperatures) when fused to the C-terminal portion of the waxy protein.

Example 3 Isolation of Promoter Fragments for Endosperm-Specific Expression in Maize

[0239] The promoter and 5′ noncoding region I (including the first intron) from the large subunit of Zea mays ADP-gpp (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) was amplified as a 1515 base pair fragment (SEQ ID NO:11) from maize genomic DNA using primers designed from Genbank accession M81603. The ADP-gpp promoter has been shown to be endosperm-specific (Shaw and Hannah, 1992).

[0240] The promoter from the Zea mays γ-zein gene was amplified as a 673 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO:12) from plasmid pGZ27.3 (obtained from Dr. Brian Larkins). The γ-zein promoter has been shown to be endosperm-specific (Torrent et al. 1997).

Example 4 Construction of Transformation Vectors for the 797GL3 Hyperthermophilic α-Amylase

[0241] Expression cassettes were constructed to express the 797GL3 hyperthermophilic amylase in maize endosperm with various targeting signals as follows:

[0242] pNOV6200 (SEQ ID NO:13) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic 797GL3 amylase as described above in Example 1 for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion into the apoplast (Torrent et al. 1997). The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADP-gpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0243] pNOV6201 (SEQ ID NO:14) comprises the γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence fused to the synthetic 797GL3 amylase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Munro and Pelham, 1987). The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADP-gpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0244] pNOV7013 comprises the γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence fused to the synthetic 797GL3 amylase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). PNOV7013 is the same as pNOV6201, except that the the maize γ-zein promoter (SEQ ID NO:12) was used instead of the maize ADP-spp promoter in order to express the fusion in the endosperm. pNOV4029 (SEQ ID NO:15) comprises the waxy amyloplast targeting peptide (Klosgen et al., 1986) fused to the synthetic 797GL3 amylase for targeting to the amyloplast. The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADP-gpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm. pNOV4031 (SEQ ID NO:16) comprises the waxy amyloplast targeting peptide fused to the synthetic 797GL3/waxy fusion protein for targeting to starch granules. The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADP-gpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0245] Additional constructs were made with these fusions cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter to obtain higher levels of enzyme expression. All expression cassettes were moved into a binary vector for transformation into maize via Agrobacterium infection. The binary vector contained the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene which allows for selection of transgenic cells with mannose. Transformed maize plants were either self-pollinated or outcrossed and seed was collected for analysis.

[0246] Additional constructs were made with the targeting signals described above fused to either 6gp3 pullulanase or to 340 g12 α-glucosidase in precisely the same manner as described for the γ-amylase. These fusions were cloned behind the maize ADP-gpp promoter and/or the γ-zein promoter and transformed into maize as described above. Transformed maize plants were either self-pollinated or outcrossed and seed was collected for analysis.

[0247] Combinations of the enzymes can be produced either by crossing plants expressing the individual enzymes or by cloning several expression cassettes into the same binary vector to enable cotransformation.

Example 5 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors for the 6GP3 Thermophillic Pullulanase

[0248] An expression cassette was constructed to express the 6GP3 thermophillic pullanase in the endoplasmic reticulum of maize endosperm as follows:

[0249] pNOV7005 (SEQ ID NOs:24 and 25) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence fused to the synthetic 6GP3 pullulanase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the ER. The amino acid peptide SEKDEL was fused to the C-terminal end of the enzymes using PCR with primers designed to amplify the synthetic gene and simultaneously add the 6 amino acids at the C-terminal end of the protein. The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expresson specifically in the endosperm.

Example 6 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors for the malA Hyperthermophilic α-Glucosidase

[0250] Expression cassettes were constructed to express the Sulfolobus solfataricus malA hyperthermophilic α-glucosidase in maize endosperm with various targeting signals as follows:

[0251] pNOV4831 (SEQ ID NO:26) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic malA α-glucosidase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Munro and Pelham, 1987). The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expresson specifically in the endosperm.

[0252] pNOV4839 (SEQ ID NO:27) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic malA β-glucosidase for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion into the apoplast (Torrent et al. 1997). The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0253] pNOV4837 comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic malA α-glucosidase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADPgpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm. The amino acid sequence for this clone is identical to that of pNOV4831 (SEQ ID NO:26).

Example 7 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors for the Hyperthermophillic Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana Glucose Isomerases

[0254] Expression cassettes were constructed to express the Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana hyperthermophilic glucose isomerases in maize endosperm with various targeting signals as follows:

[0255] pNOV4832 (SEQ ID NO:28) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic Thermotoga maritima glucose isomerase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0256] pNOV4833 (SEQ ID NO:29) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0257] pNOV4840 (SEQ ID NO:30) comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion into the apoplast (Torrent et al. 1997). The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0258] pNOV4838 comprises the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) fused to the synthetic Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase with a C-terminal addition of the sequence SEKDEL for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion was cloned behind the maize ADPgpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm. The amino acid sequence for this clone is identical to that of pNOV4833 (SEQ ID NO:29).

Example 8 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors for the Expression of the Hyperthermophillic Glucanase EglA

[0259] pNOV4800 (SEQ ID NO:58) comprises the barley alpha amylase AMY32b signal sequence (MGKNGNLCCFSLLLLLLAGLASGHQ)(SEQ ID NO:31) fused with the EglA mature protein sequence for localization to the apoplast. The fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

Example 9 Construction of Plant Transformation Vectors for the Expression of Multiple Hyperthermophillic Enzymes

[0260] pNOV4841 comprises a double gene construct of a 797GL3 α-amylase fusion and a 6GP3 pullulanase fusion. Both 797GL3 fusion (SEQ ID NO:33) and 6GP3 fusion (SEQ ID NO:34) possessed the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence and SEKDEL sequence for targeting to and retention in the ER. Each fusion was cloned behind a separate maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0261] pNOV4842 comprises a double gene construct of a 797GL3 α-amylase fusion and a malA α-glucosidase fusion. Both the 797GL3 fusion polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:35) and malA α-glucosidase fusion polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:36) possess the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence and SEKDEL sequence for targeting to and retention in the ER. Each fusion was cloned behind a separate maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm.

[0262] pNOV4843 comprises a double gene construct of a 797GL3 α-amylase fusion and a malA α-glucosidase fusion. Both the 797GL3 fusion and malA α-glucosidase fusion possess the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence and SEKDEL sequence for targeting to and retention in the ER. The 797GL3 fusion was cloned behind the maize γ-zein promoter and the malA fusion was cloned behind the maize ADPgpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm. The amino acid sequences of the 797GL3 fusion and the malA fusion are identical to those of pNOV4842 (SEQ ID Nos: 35 and 36, respectively).

[0263] pNOV4844 comprises a triple gene construct of a 797GL3 α-amylase fusion, a 6GP3 pullulanase fusion, and a malA α-glucosidase fusion. 797GL3, malA, and 6GP3 all possess the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence and SEKDEL sequence for targeting to and retention in the ER. The 797GL3 and malA fusions were cloned behind 2 separate maize γ-zein promoters, and the 6GP3 fusion was cloned behind the maize ADPgpp promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm. The amino acid sequences for the 797GL3 and malA fusions are identical to those of pNOV4842 (SEQ ID Nos: 35 and 36, respectively). The amino acid sequence for the 6GP3 fusion is identical to that of the 6GP3 fusion in pNOV4841 (SEQ ID NO:34).

[0264] All expression cassettes were moved into the binary vector pNOV2117 for transformation into maize via Agrobacterium infection. pNOV2117 contains the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene allowing for selection of transgenic cells with mannose. pNOV2117 is a binary vector with both the pVS 1 and ColE 1 origins of replication. This vector contains the constitutive VirG gene from pAD1289 (Hansen, G., et al., PNAS USA 91:7603-7607 (1994)) and a spectinomycin resistance gene from Tn7. Cloned into the polylinker between the right and left borders are the maize ubiquitin promoter, PMI coding region and nopaline synthase terminator of pNOV117 (Negrotto, D., et al., Plant Cell Reports 19:798-803 (2000)). Transformed maize plants will either be self-pollinated or outcrossed and seed collected for analysis. Combinations of the different enzymes can be produced either by crossing plants expressing the individual enzymes or by transforming a plant with one of the multi-gene cassettes.

Example 10 Construction of Bacterial and Pichia Expression Vectors

[0265] Expression cassettes were constructed to express the hyperthermophilic α-glucosidase and glucose isomerases in either Pichia or bacteria as follows:

[0266] pNOV4829 (SEQ ID NOS: 37 and 38) comprises a synthetic Thermotoga maritima glucose isomerase fusion with ER retention signal in the bacterial expression vector pET29a. The glucose isomerase fusion gene was cloned into the NcoI and SacI sites of pET29a, which results in the addition of an N-terminal S-tag for protein purification.

[0267] pNOV4830 (SEQ ID NOS: 39 and 40) comprises a synthetic Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase fusion with ER retention signal in the bacterial expression vector pET29a. The glucose isomerase fusion gene was cloned into the NcoI and SacI sites of pET29a, which results in the addition of an N-terminal S-tag for protein purification.

[0268] pNOV4835 (SEQ ID NO: 41 and 42) comprises the synthetic Thermotoga maritima glucose isomerase gene cloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the bacterial expression vector pET28C. This resulted in the fusion of a His-tag (for protein purification) to the N-terminal end of the glucose isomerase.

[0269] pNOV4836 (SEQ ID NO: 43 AND 44) comprises the synthetic Thermotoga neapolitana glucose isomerase gene cloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the bacterial expression vector pET28C. This resulted in the fusion of a His-tag (for protein purification) to the N-terminal end of the glucose isomerase.

Example 11

[0270] Transformation of immature maize embryos was performed essentially as described in Negrotto et al., Plant Cell Reports 19: 798-803. For this example, all media constituents are as described in Negrotto et al., supra. However, various media constituents described in the literature may be substituted.

A. Transformation Plasmids and Selectable Marker

[0271] The genes used for transformation were cloned into a vector suitable for maize transformation. Vectors used in this example contained the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) gene for selection of transgenic lines (Negrotto et al. (2000) Plant Cell Reports 19: 798-803).

[0272] B. Preparation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

[0273] Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 (pSB 1) containing the plant transformation plasmid was grown on YEP (yeast extract (5 g/L), peptone (10 g/L), NaCl (5 g/L),15 g/l agar, pH 6.8) solid medium for 2-4 days at 28° C. Approximately 0.8×10⁹ Agrobacterium were suspended in LS-inf media supplemented with 100 μM As (Negrotto et al.,(2000) Plant Cell Rep 19: 798-803). Bacteria were pre-induced in this medium for 30-60 minutes.

C. Inoculation

[0274] Immature embryos from A188 or other suitable genotype were excised from 8-12 day old ears into liquid LS-inf+100 μM As. Embryos were rinsed once with fresh infection medium. Agrobacterium solution was then added and embryos were vortexed for 30 seconds and allowed to settle with the bacteria for 5 minutes. The embryos were then transferred scutellum side up to LSAs medium and cultured in the dark for two to three days. Subsequently, between 20 and 25 embryos per petri plate were transferred to LSDc medium supplemented with cefotaxime (250 mg/l) and silver nitrate (1.6 mg/l) and cultured in the dark for 28° C. for 10 days.

D. Selection of transformed cells and regeneration of transformed plants

[0275] Immature embryos producing embryogenic callus were transferred to LSD1M0.5S medium. The cultures were selected on this medium for 6 weeks with a subculture step at 3 weeks. Surviving calli were transferred to Reg1 medium supplemented with mannose. Following culturing in the light (16 hour light/8 hour dark regiment), green tissues were then transferred to Reg2 medium without growth regulators and incubated for 1-2 weeks. Plantlets are transferred to Magenta GA-7 boxes (Magenta Corp, Chicago Ill.) containing Reg3 medium and grown in the light. After 2-3 weeks, plants were tested for the presence of the PMI genes and other genes of interest by PCR. Positive plants from the PCR assay were transferred to the greenhouse.

Example 12 Analysis of T1 Seed from Maize Plants Expressing the α-Amylase Targeted to Apoplast or to the ER

[0276] T1 seed from self-pollinated maize plants transformed with either pNOV6200 or pNOV6201 as described in Example 4 were obtained. Starch accumulation in these kernels appeared to be normal, based on visual inspection and on normal staining for starch with an iodine solution prior to any exposure to high temperature. Immature kernels were dissected and purified endosperms were placed individually in microfuge tubes and immersed in 200 μl of 50 mM NaPO₄ buffer. The tubes were placed in an 85° C. water bath for 20 minutes, then cooled on ice. Twenty microliters of a 1% iodine solution was added to each tube and mixed. Approximately 25% of the segregating kernels stained normally for starch. The remaining 75% failed to stain, indicating that the starch had been degraded into low molecular weight sugars that do not stain with iodine. It was found that the T1 kernels of pNOV6200 and pNOV6201 were self-hydrolyzing the corn starch. There was no detectable reduction in starch following incubation at 37° C.

[0277] Expression of the amylase was further analyzed by isolation of the hyperthermophilic protein fraction from the endosperm followed by PAGE/Coomassie staining. A segregating protein band of the appropriate molecular weight (50 kD) was observed. These samples are subjected to an α-amylase assay using commercially available dyed amylose (AMYLAZYME, from Megazyme, Ireland). High levels of hyperthermophilic amylase activity correlated with the presence of the 50 kD protein.

[0278] It was further found that starch in kernels from a majority of transgenic maize, which express hyperthermophilic α-amylase, targeted to the amyloplast, is sufficiently active at ambient temperature to hydrolyze most of the starch if the enzyme is allowed to be in direct contact with a starch granule. Of the eighty lines having hyperthermophilic α-amylase targeted to the amyloplast, four lines were identified that accumulate starch in the kernels. Three of these lines were analyzed for thermostable α-amylase activity using a colorimetric amylazyme assay (Megazyme). The amylase enzyme assay indicated that these three lines had low levels of thermostable amylase activity. When purified starch from these three lines was treated with appropriate conditions of moisture and heat, the starch was hydrolyzed indicating the presence of adequate levels of α-amylase to facilitate the auto-hydrolysis of the starch prepared from these lines.

[0279] T1 seed from multiple independent lines of both pNOV6200 and pNOV6201 transformants was obtained. Individual kernels from each line were dissected and purified endosperms were homogenized individually in 300 μl of 50 mM NaPO₄ buffer. Aliquots of the endosperm suspensions were analyzed for α-amylase activity at 85° C. Approximately 80% of the lines segregate for hyperthermophilic activity (See FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2).

[0280] Kernels from wild type plants or plants transformed with pNOV6201 were heated at 100° C. for 1, 2, 3, or 6 hours and then stained for starch with an iodine solution. Little or no starch was detected in mature kernels after 3 or 6 hours, respectively. Thus, starch in mature kernels from transgenic maize which express hyperthermophilic amylase that is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum was hydrolyzed when incubated at high temperature.

[0281] In another experiment, partially purified starch from mature Ti kernels from pNOV6201 plants that were steeped at 50° C. for 16 hours was hydrolyzed after heating at 85° C. for 5 minutes. This illustrated that the α-amylase targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum binds to starch after grinding of the kernel, and is able to hydrolyze the starch upon heating. Iodine staining indicated that the starch remains intact in mature seeds after the 16 hour steep at 50° C.

[0282] In another experiment, segregating, mature kernels from plants transformed with pNOV6201 were heated at 95° C. for 16 hours and then dried. In seeds expressing the hyperthermophilic α-amylase, the hydrolysis of starch to sugar resulted in a wrinkled appearance following drying.

Example 13 Analysis of T1 Seed from Maize Plants Expressing the α-Amylase Targeted to the Amyloplast

[0283] T1 seed from self-pollinated maize plants transformed with either pNOV4029 or pNOV4031 as described in Example 4 was obtained. Starch accumulation in kernels from these lines was clearly not normal. All lines segregated, with some variation in severity, for a very low or no starch phenotype. Endosperm purified from immature kernels stained only weakly with iodine prior to exposure to high temperatures. After 20 minutes at 85° C., there was no staining. When the ears were dried, the kernels shriveled up. This particular amylase clearly had sufficient activity at greenhouse temperatures to hydrolyze starch if allowed to be in direct contact with the granule

Example 14 Fermentation of Grain from Maize Plants Expressing α-Amylase 100% Transgenic Grain 85° C. vs. 95° C., Varied Liquefaction Time

[0284] Transgenic corn (pNOV6201) that contains a thermostable α-amylase performs well in fermentation without addition of exogenous α-amylase, requires much less time for liquefaction and results in more complete solubilization of starch. Laboratory scale fermentations were performed by a protocol with the following steps (detailed below): 1) grinding, 2) moisture analysis, 3) preparation of a slurry containing ground corn, water, backset and α-amylase, 4) liquefaction and 5) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In this example the temperature and time of the liquefaction step were varied as described below. In addition the transgenic corn was liquefied with and without exogenous α-amylase and the performance in ethanol production compared to control corn treated with commercially available α-amylase.

[0285] The transgenic corn used in this example was made in accordance with the procedures set out in Example 4 using a vector comprising the α-amylase gene and the PMI selectable marker, namely pNOV6201. The transgenic corn was produced by pollinating a commercial hybrid (N3030BT) with pollen from a transgenic line expressing a high level of thermostable α-amylase. The corn was dried to 11% moisture and stored at room temperature. The α-amylase content of the transgenic corn flour was 95 units/g where 1 unit of enzyme generates 1 micromole reducing ends per min from corn flour at 85° C. in pH 6.0 MES buffer. The control corn that was used was a yellow dent corn known to perform well in ethanol production.

[0286] 1) Grinding: Transgenic corn (1180 g) was ground in a Perten 3100 hammer mill equipped with a 2.0 mm screen thus generating transgenic corn flour. Control corn was ground in the same mill after thoroughly cleaning to prevent contamination by the transgenic corn.

[0287] 2) Moisture analysis: Samples (20 g) of transgenic and control corn were weighed into aluminum weigh boats and heated at 100 C for 4 h. The samples were weighed again and the moisture content calculated from the weight loss. The moisture content of transgenic flour was 9.26%; that of the control flour was 12.54%.

[0288] 3) Preparation of slurries: The composition of slurries was designed to yield a mash with 36% solids at the beginning of SSF. Control samples were prepared in 100 ml plastic bottles and contained 21.50 g of control corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight), and 0.30 ml of a commercially available α-amylase diluted {fraction (1/50)} with water. The α-amylase dose was chosen as representative of industrial usage. When assayed under the conditions described above for assay of the transgenic α-amylase, the control α-amylase dose was 2 U/g corn flour. pH was adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. Transgenic samples were prepared in the same fashion but contained 20 g of corn flour because of the lower moisture content of transgenic flour. Slurries of transgenic flour were prepared either with α-amylase at the same dose as the control samples or without exogenous α-amylase.

[0289] 4) Liquefaction: The bottles containing slurries of transgenic corn flour were immersed in water baths at either 85° C. or 95° C. for times of 5, 15, 30, 45 or 60 min. Control slurries were incubated for 60 min at 85° C. During the high temperature incubation the slurries were mixed vigorously by hand every 5 min. After the high temperature step the slurries were cooled on ice.

[0290] 5) Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: The mash produced by liquefaction was mixed with glucoamylase (0.65 ml of a {fraction (1/50)} dilution of a commercially available L-400 glucoamylase), protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole was cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash was then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature was lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it was set to 82 F.

[0291] Yeast for inoculation was propagated by preparing a mixture that contained yeast (0.12 g) with 70 grams maltodextrin, 230 ml water, 100 ml backset, glucoamylase (0.88 ml of a 10-fold dilution of a commercially available glucoamylase), protease (1.76 ml of a 100-fold dilution of a commercially available enzyme), urea (1.07 grams), penicillin (0.67 mg) and zinc sulfate (0.13 g). The propagation culture was initiated the day before it was needed and was incubated with mixing at 90° F.

[0292] At 24, 48 & 72 hour samples were taken from each fermentation vessel, filtered through 0.2 μm filters and analyzed by HPLC for ethanol & sugars. At 72 h samples were analyzed for total dissolved solids and for residual starch.

[0293] HPLC analysis was performed on a binary gradient system equipped with refractive index detector, column heater & Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column. The system was equilibrated with 0.005 M H₂SO₄ in water at 1 ml/min. Column temperature was 50° C. Sample injection volume was 5 μl; elution was in the same solvent. The RI response was calibrated by injection of known standards. Ethanol and glucose were both measured in each injection.

[0294] Residual starch was measured as follows. Samples and standards were dried at 50° C. in an oven, then ground to a powder in a sample mill. The powder (0.2 g) was weighed into a 15 ml graduated centrifuge tube. The powder was washed 3 times with 10 ml aqueous ethanol (80% v/v) by vortexing followed by centrifugation and discarding of the supernatant. DMSO (2.0 ml) was added to the pellet followed by 3.0 ml of a thermostable alpha-amylase (300 units) in MOPS buffer. After vigorous mixing, the tubes were incubated in a water bath at 85° C. for 60 min. During the incubation, the tubes were mixed four times. The samples were cooled and 4.0 ml sodium acetate buffer (200 mM, pH 4.5) was added followed by 0.1 ml of glucoamylase (20 U). Samples were incubated at 50° C. for 2 hours, mixed, then centrifuged for 5 min at 3,500 rpm. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.2 um filter and analyzed for glucose by the HPLC method described above. An injection size of 50 μl was used for samples with low residual starch (<20% of solids).

[0295] Results Transgenic corn performed well in fermentation without added α-amylase. The yield of ethanol at 72 hours was essentially the same with or without exogenous α-amylase as shown in Table I. These data also show that a higher yield of ethanol is achieved when the liquefaction temperature is higher; the present enzyme expressed in the transgenic corn has activity at higher temperatures than other enzymes used commercially such as the Bacillus liquefaciens α-amylase. TABLE I Liquefaction Liquefaction Mean Std. temp time Exogenous # Ethanol % Dev. ° C. min. α-amylase replicates v/v % v/v 85 60 Yes 4 17.53 0.18 85 60 No 4 17.78 0.27 95 60 Yes 2 18.22 ND 95 60 No 2 18.25 ND

[0296] When the liquefaction time was varied, it was found that the liquefaction time required for efficient ethanol production was much less than the hour required by the conventional process. FIG. 3 shows that the ethanol yield at 72 hours fermentation was almost unchanged from 15 min to 60 min liquefaction. In addition liquefaction at 95° C. gave more ethanol at each time point than at the 85° C. liquefaction. This observation demonstrates the process improvement achieved by use of a hyperthermophilic enzyme.

[0297] The control corn gave a higher final ethanol yield than the transgenic corn, but the control was chosen because it performs very well in fermentation. In contrast the transgenic corn has a genetic background chosen to facilitate transformation. Introducing the α-amylase-trait into elite corn germplasm by well-known breeding techniques should eliminate this difference.

[0298] Examination of the residual starch levels of the beer produced at 72 hours (FIG. 4) shows that the transgenic α-amylase results in significant improvement in making starch available for fermentation; much less starch was left over after fermentation.

[0299] Using both ethanol levels and residual starch levels the optimal liquefaction times were 15 min at 95° C. and 30 min at 85° C. In the present experiments these times were the total time that the fermentation vessels were in the water bath and thus include a time period during which the temperature of the samples was increasing from room temperature to 85° C. or 95° C. Shorter liquefaction times may be optimal in large scale industrial processes that rapidly heat the mash by use of equipment such as jet cookers. Conventional industrial liquefaction processes require holding tanks to allow the mash to be incubated at high temperature for one or more hours. The present invention eliminates the need for such holding tanks and will increase the productivity of liquefaction equipment.

[0300] One important function of α-amylase in fermentation processes is to reduce the viscosity of the mash. At all time points the samples containing transgenic corn flour were markedly less viscous than the control sample. In addition the transgenic samples did not appear to go through the gelatinous phase observed with all control samples; gelatinization normally occurs when corn slurries are cooked. Thus having the α-amylase distributed throughout the fragments of the endosperm gives advantageous physical properties to the mash during cooking by preventing formation of large gels that slow diffusion and increase the energy costs of mixing and pumping the mash.

[0301] The high dose of α-amylase in the transgenic corn may also contribute to the favorable properties of the transgenic mash. At 85° C., the α-amylase activity of the transgenic corn was many times greater activity than the of the dose of exogenous α-amylase used in controls. The latter was chosen as representative of commercial use rates.

Example 15 Effective Function of Transgenic Corn when Mixed with Control Corn

[0302] Transgenic corn flour was mixed with control corn flour in various levels from 5% to 100% transgenic corn flour. These were treated as described in Example 14. The mashes containing transgenically expressed α-amylase were liquefied at 85° C. for 30 min or at 95° C. for 15 min; control mashes were prepared as described in Example 14 and were liquefied at 85° C. for 30 or 60 min (one each) or at 95° C. for 15 or 60 min (one each).

[0303] The data for ethanol at 48 and 72 hours and for residual starch are given in Table 2. The ethanol levels at 48 hours are graphed in FIG. 5; the residual starch determinations are shown in FIG. 6. These data show that transgenically expressed thermostable α-amylase gives very good performance in ethanol production even when the transgenic grain is only a small portion (as low as 5%) of the total grain in the mash. The data also show that residual starch is markedly lower than in control mash when the transgenic grain comprises at least 40% of the total grain. TABLE 2 85° C. Liquefaction Trans- 95° C. Liquefaction genic Ethanol Ethanol grain Residual Ethanol % v/v Residual Ethanol % v/v wt % Starch 48 h 72 h Starch 48 h 72 h 100 3.58 16.71 18.32 4.19 17.72 21.14  80 4.06 17.04 19.2 3.15 17.42 19.45  60 3.86 17.16 19.67 4.81 17.58 19.57  40 5.14 17.28 19.83 8.69 17.56 19.51  20 8.77 17.11 19.5 11.05 17.71 19.36  10 10.03 18.05 19.76 10.8 17.83 19.28  5 10.67 18.08 19.41 12.44 17.61 19.38   0* 7.79 17.64 20.11 11.23 17.88 19.87

Example 16 Ethanol Production as a Function of Liquefaction pH Using Transgenic Corn at a Rate of 1.5 to 12% of Total Corn

[0304] Because the transgenic corn performed well at a level of 5-10% of total corn in a fermentation, an additional series of fermentations in which the transgenic corn comprised 1.5 to 12% of the total corn was performed. The pH was varied from 6.4 to 5.2 and the α-amylase enzyme expressed in the transgenic corn was optimized for activity at lower pH than is conventionally used industrially.

[0305] The experiments were performed as described in Example 15 with the following exceptions:

[0306] 1). Transgenic flour was mixed with control flour as a percent of total dry weight at the levels ranging from 1.5% to 12.0%.

[0307] 2). Control corn was N3030BT which is more similar to the transgenic corn than the control used in examples 14 and 15.

[0308] 3). No exogenous α-amylase was added to samples containing transgenic flour.

[0309] 4). Samples were adjusted to pH 5.2, 5.6, 6.0 or 6.4 prior to liquefaction. At least 5 samples spanning the range from 0% transgenic corn flour to 12% transgenic corn flour were prepared for each pH.

[0310] 5). Liquefaction for all samples was performed at 85° C. for 60 min.

[0311] The change in ethanol content as a function of fermentation time are shown in FIG. 7. This figure shows the data obtained from samples that contained 3% transgenic corn. At the lower pH, the fermentation proceeds more quickly than at pH 6.0 and above; similar behavior was observed in samples with other doses of transgenic grain. The pH profile of activity of the transgenic enzyme combined with the high levels of expression will allow lower pH liquefactions resulting in more rapid fermentations and thus higher throughput than is possible at the conventional pH 6.0 process.

[0312] The ethanol yields at 72 hours are shown in FIG. 8. As can be seen, on the basis of ethanol yield, the results showed little dependence on the amount of transgenic grain included in the sample. Thus the grain contains abundant amylase to facilitate fermentative production of ethanol. It is also demonstrates that lower pH of liquefaction results in higher ethanol yield.

[0313] The viscosity of the samples after liquefaction was monitored and it was observed that at pH 6.0, 6% transgenic grain is sufficient for adequate reduction in viscosity. At pH 5.2 and 5.6, viscosity is equivalent to that of the control at 12% transgenic grain, but not at lower percentages of transgenic grain.

Example 17 Production of Fructose from Corn Flour Using Thermophilic Enzymes

[0314] Corn that expresses the hyperthermophilic α-amylase, 797GL3, was shown to facilitate production of fructose when mixed with an α-glucosidase (MalA) and a xylose isomerase (XylA).

[0315] Seed from pNOV6201 transgenic plants expressing 797GL3 were ground to a flour in a Kleco cell thus creating amylase flour. Non-transgenic corn kernels were ground in the same manner to generate control flour.

[0316] The α-glucosidase, MalA (from S. solfataricus), was expressed in E. coli. Harvested bacteria were suspended in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 1 mM 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride then lysed in a French pressure cell. The lysate was centrifuged at 23,000×g for 15 min at 4° C. The supernatant solution was removed, heated to 70° C. for 10 min, cooled on ice for 10 min, then centrifuged at 34,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. The supernatant solution was removed and the MalA concentrated two-fold in centricon 10 devices. The filtrate of the centricon 10 step was retained for use as a negative control for MalA.

[0317] Xylose (glucose) isomerase was prepared by expressing the xylA gene of T. neapolitana in E. coli. Bacteria were suspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0 and lysed by passage through a French pressure cell. After precipitation of cell debris, the extract was heated at 80° C. for 10 min then centrifuged. The supernatant solution contained the XylA enzymatic activity. An empty-vector control extract was prepared in parallel with the XylA extract.

[0318] Corn flour (60 mg per sample) was mixed with buffer and extracts from E coli. As indicated in Table 3, samples contained amylase corn flour (amylase) or control corn flour (control), 50 μl of either MalA extract (+) or filtrate (−), and 20 μl of either XylA extract (+) or empty vector control (−). All samples also contained 230 l of 50 mM MOPS, 10 mM MgSO4, and 1 mM CoCI2; pH of the buffer was 7.0 at room temperature.

[0319] Samples were incubated at 85° C. for 18 hours. At the end of the incubation time, samples were diluted with 0.9 ml of 85° C. water and centrifuged to remove insoluble material. The supernatant fraction was then filtered through a Centricon3 ultrafiltration device and analyzed by HPLC with ELSD detection.

[0320] The gradient HPLC system was equipped with Astec Polymer Amino Column, 5 micron particle size, 250×4.6 mm and an Alltech ELSD 2000 detector. The system was pre-equilibrated with a 15:85 mixture of water:acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The initial conditions were maintained for 5 min after injection followed by a 20 min gradient to 50:50 water:acetonitrile followed by 10 minutes of the same solvent. The system was washed with 20 min of 80:20 water:acetonitrile and then re-equilibrated with the starting solvent. Fructose was eluted at 5.8 min and glucose at 8.7 min. TABLE 3 fructose glucose Sample Corn flour MalA XylA peak area × 10⁻⁶ peak area × 10⁻⁶ 1 amylase + + 25.9 110.3 2 amylase − + 7.0 12.4 3 amylase + − 0.1 147.5 4 amylase − − 0 25.9 5 control + + 0.8 0.5 6 control − + 0.3 0.2 7 control + − 1.3 1.7 8 control − − 0.2 0.3

[0321] The HPLC results also indicated the presence of larger maltooligosaccharides in all samples containing the α-amylase. These results demonstrate that the three thermophilic enzymes can function together to produce fructose from corn flour at a high temperature.

Example 18 Amylase Flour with Isomerase

[0322] In another example, amylase flour was mixed with purified MalA and each of twobacterial xylose isomerases: XylA of T. maritima, and an enzyme designated BD8037obtained from Diversa. Amylase flour was prepared as described in Example 18.

[0323] S. solfataricus MalA with a 6His purification tag was expressed in E. coli. Cell lysate was prepared as described in Example 18, then purified to apparent homogeneity using a nickel affinity resin (Probond, Invitrogen) and following the manufacturer's instructions for native protein purification.

[0324]T. maritima XylA with the addition of an S tag and an ER retention signal was expressed in E. coli and prepared in the same manner as the T. neapolitana XylA described in Example 18.

[0325] Xylose isomerase BD8037 was obtained as a lyophilized powder and resuspended in 0.4×the original volume of water.

[0326] Amylase corn flour was mixed with enzyme solutions plus water or buffer. All reactions contained 60 mg amylase flour and a total of 600 μl of liquid. One set of reactions was buffered with 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0 at room temperature, plus 10 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM CoCl₂; in a second set of reactions the metal-containing buffer solution was replaced by water. Isomerase enzyme amounts were varied as indicated in Table 4. All reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 90° C. Reaction supernatant fractions were prepared by centrifugation. The pellets were washed with an additional 600 μl H₂O and recentrifuged. The supernatant fractions from each reaction were combined, filtered through a Centricon 10, and analyzed by HPLC with ELSD detection as described in Example 17. The amounts of glucose and fructose observed are graphed in FIG. 15. TABLE 4 Sample Amylase flour Mal A Isomerase 1 60 mg + none 2 60 mg + T. maritima, 100 μl 3 60 mg + T. maritima, 10 μl 4 60 mg + T. maritima, 2 μl 5 60 mg + BD8037, 100 μl 7 60 mg + BD8037, 2 μl C 60 mg none none

[0327] With each of the isomerases, fructose was produced from corn flour in a dose-dependent manner when α-amylase and α-glucosidase were present in the reaction. These results demonstrate that the grain-expressed amylase 797GL3 can function with MalA and a variety of different thermophilic isomerases, with or without added metal ions, to produce fructose from corn flour at a high temperature. In the presence of added divalent metal ions, the isomerases can achieve the predicted fructose: glucose equilibrium at 90° C. of approximately 55% fructose. This would be an improvement over the current process using mesophilic isomerases, which requires a chromatographic separation to increase the fructose concentration.

Example 19 Expression of a Pullulanase in Corn

[0328] Transgenic plants that were homozygous for either pNOV7013 or pNOV7005 were crossed to generate transgenic corn seed expressing both the 797GL3 α-amylase and 6GP3 pullulanase.

[0329] T1 or T2 seed from self-pollinated maize plants transformed with either pNOV 7005 or pNOV 4093 were obtained. pNOV4093 is a fusion of the maize optimized synthetic gene for 6GP3 (SEQ ID: 3,4) with the amyloplast targeting sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7,8) for localization of the fusion protein to the amyloplast. This fusion protein is under the control of the ADPgpp promoter (SEQ ID NO:11) for expression specifically in the endosperm. The pNOV7005 construct targets the expression of the pullulanase in the endoplasmic reticulum of the endosperm. Localization of this enzyme in the ER allows normal accumulation of the starch in the kernels. Normal staining for starch with an iodine solution was also observed, prior to any exposure to high temperature.

[0330] As described in the case of α-amylase the expression of pullulanase targeted to the amyloplast (pNOV4093) resulted in abnormal starch accumulation in the kernels. When the corn-ears are dried, the kernels shriveled up. Apparently, this thermophilic pullulanase is sufficiently active at low temperatures and hydrolyzes starch if allowed to be in direct contact with the starch granules in the seed endosperm.

[0331] Enzyme preparation or extraction of the enzyme from corn-flour: The pullulanase enzyme was extracted from the transgenic seeds by grinding them in Kleco grinder, followed by incubation of the flour in 50 mM NaOAc pH 5.5 buffer for 1 hr at RT, with continuous shaking. The incubated mixture was then spun for 15 min. at 14000 rpm. The supernatant was used as enzyme source.

[0332] Pullulanase assay: The assay reaction was carried out in 96-well plate. The enzyme extracted from the corn flour (100 μl) was diluted 10 fold with 900 μl of 50 mM NaOAc pH 5.5 buffer, containing 40 mM CaCl₂. The mixture was vortexed, 1 tablet of Limit-Dextrizyme (azurine-crosslinked-pullulan, from Megazyme) was added to each reaction mixture and incubated at 75° C. for 30 min (or as mentioned). At the end of the incubation the reaction mixtures were spun at 3500 rpm for 15 min. The supernatants were diluted 5 fold and transferred into 96-well flat bottom plate for absorbance measurement at 590 nm. Hydrolysis of azurine-crosslinked-pullulan substrate by the pullulanase produces water-soluble dye fragments and the rate of release of these (measured as the increase in absorbance at 590 nm) is related directly to enzyme activity.

[0333]FIG. 9 shows the analysis of T2 seeds from different events transformed with pNOV 7005. High expression of pullulanase activity, compared to the non-transgenic control, can be detected in a number of events.

[0334] To a measured amount (˜100 μg) of dry corn flour from transgenic (expressing pullulanase, or amylase or both the enzymes) and/or control (non-transgenic) 1000 μl of 50 mM NaOAc pH 5.5 buffer containing 40 mM CaCl₂ was added. The reaction mixtures were vortexed and incubated on a shaker for 1 hr. The enzymatic reaction was started by transferring the incubation mixtures to high temperature (75° C., the optimum reaction temperature for pullulanase or as mentioned in the figures) for a period of time as indicated in the figures. The reactions were stopped by cooling them down on ice. The reaction mixtures were then centrifuged for 10 min. at 14000 rpm. An aliquot (100 μl) of the supernatant was diluted three fold, filtered through 0.2-micron filter for HPLC analysis.

[0335] The samples were analyzed by HPLC using the following conditions:

[0336] Column: Alltech Prevail Carbohydrate ES 5 micron 250×4.6 mm

[0337] Detector: Alltech ELSD 2000

[0338] Pump: Gilson 322

[0339] Injector: Gilson 215 injector/diluter

[0340] Solvents: HPLC grade Acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific) and Water (purified by Waters Millipore System)

[0341] Gradient used for oligosaccharides of low degree of polymerization (DP 1-15). Time % Water % Acetonitrile  0 15 85  5 15 85 25 50 50 35 50 50 36 80 20 55 80 20 56 15 85 76 15 85

[0342] Gradient used for saccharides of high degree of polymerization (DP 20-100 and above). Time % Water % Acetonitrile  0 35 65 60 85 15 70 85 15 85 35 65 100  35 65

[0343] System used for data analysis: Gilson Unipoint Software System Version 3.2

[0344]FIGS. 10A and 10B show the HPLC analysis of the hydrolytic products generated by expressed pullulanase from starch in the transgenic corn flour. Incubation of the flour of pullulanase expressing corn in reaction buffer at 75° C. for 30 minutes results in production of medium chain oligosaccharides (DP ˜10-30) and short amylose chains (DP 100-200) from cornstarch. This figure also shows the dependence of pullulanase activity on presence of calcium ions.

[0345] Transgenic corn expressing pullulanase can be used to produce modified-starch/dextrin that is debranched (α1-6 linkages cleaved) and hence will have high level of amylose/straight chain dextrin. Also depending on the kind of starch (e.g. waxy, high amylose etc.) used the chain length distribution of the amylose/dextrin generated by the pullulanase will vary, and so will the property of the modified-starch/dextrin.

[0346] Hydrolysis of a 1-6 linkage was also demonstrated using pullulan as the substrate. The pullulanase isolated from corn flour efficiently hydrolyzed pullulan. HPLC analysis (as described) of the product generated at the end of incubation showed production of maltotriose, as expected, due to the hydrolysis of the a 1-6 linkages in the pullulan molecules by the enzyme from the corn.

Example 20 Expression of Pullulanase in Corn

[0347] Expression of the 6gp3 pullulanase was further analyzed by extraction from corn flour followed by PAGE and Coomassie staining. Corn-flour was made by grinding seeds, for 30 sec., in the Kleco grinder. The enzyme was extracted from about 150 mg of flour with 1 ml of 50 mM NaOAc pH 5.5 buffer. The mixture was vortexed and incubated on a shaker at RT for 1 hr, followed by another 15 min incubation at 70° C. The mixture was then spun down (14000 rpm for 15 min at RT) and the supernatant was used as SDS-PAGE analysis. A protein band of the appropriate molecular weight (95 kDal) was observed. These samples are subjected to a pullulanase assay using commercially available dye-conjugated limit-dextrins (LIMIT-DEXTRIZYME, from Megazyme, Ireland). High levels of thermophilic pullulanase activity correlated with the presence of the 95 kD protein.

[0348] The Western blot and ELISA analysis of the transgenic corn seed also demonstrated the expression of ˜95 kD protein that reacted with antibody produced against the pullulanase (expressed in E. coli).

Example 21 Increase in the Rate of Starch Hydrolysis and Improved Yield of Small Chain (Fermentable) Oligosaccharides by the Addition of Pullulanase Expressing Corn

[0349] The data shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B was generated from HPLC analysis, as described above, of the starch hydrolysis products from two reaction mixtures. The first reaction indicated as ‘Amylase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn made according to the method described in Example 4, for example, and non-transgenic corn Al 88; and the second reaction mixture ‘Amylase+Pullulanase’ contains a mixture [1:1 (w/w)] of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and pullulanase expressing transgenic corn made according to the method described in Example 19. The results obtained support the benefit of use of pullulanase in combination with α-amylase during the starch hydrolysis processes. The benefits are from the increased rate of starch hydrolysis (FIG. 11A) and increase yield of fermentable oligosaccharides with low DP (FIG. 11B).

[0350] It was found that α-amylase alone or α-amylase and pullulanase (or any other combination of starch hydrolytic enzymes) expressed in corn can be used to produce maltodextrin (straight or branched oligosaccharides) (FIGS. 11A, 11B, 12, and 13A). Depending on the reaction conditions, the type of hydrolytic enzymes and their combinations, and the type of starch used the composition of the maltodextrins produced, and hence their properties, will vary.

[0351]FIG. 12 depicts the results of an experiment carried out in a similar manner as described for FIG. 11. The different temperature and time schemes followed during incubation of the reactions are indicated in the figure. The optimum reaction temperature for pullulanase is 75° C. and for α-amylase it is >95° C. Hence, the indicated schemes were followed to provide scope to carry out catalysis by the pullulanase and/or the α-amylase at their respective optimum reaction temperature. It can be clearly deduced from the result shown that combination of α-amylase and pullulanase performed better in hydrolyzing cornstarch at the end of 60 min incubation period.

[0352] HPLC analysis, as described above (except ˜150 mg of corn flour was used in these reactions), of the starch hydrolysis product from two sets of reaction mixtures at the end of 30 min incubation is shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B. The first set of reactions was incubated at 85° C. and the second one was incubated at 95° C. For each set there are two reaction mixtures; the first reaction indicated as ‘Amylase X Pullulanase’ contains flour from transgenic corn (generated by cross pollination) expressing both the α-amylase and the pullulanase, and the second reaction indicated as ‘Amylase’ mixture of corn flour samples of α-amylase expressing transgenic corn and non-transgenic corn A188 in a ratio so as to obtain same amount of α-amylase activity as is observed in the cross (Amylase X Pullulanase). The total yield of low DP oligosaccharides was more in case of α-amylase and pullulanase cross compared to corn expressing α-amylase alone, when the corn flour samples were incubated at 85° C. The incubation temperature of 95° C. inactivates (at least partially) the pullulanase enzyme, hence little difference can be observed between ‘Amylase X Pullulanase’ and ‘Amylase’. However, the data for both the incubation temperatures shows significant improvement in the amount of glucose produced (FIG. 13B), at the end of the incubation period, when corn flour of α-amylase and pullulanase cross was used compared to corn expressing α-amylase alone. Hence use of corn expressing both α-amylase and pullulanase can be especially beneficial for the processes where complete hydrolysis of starch to glucose is important.

[0353] The above examples provide ample support that pullulanase expressed in corn seeds, when used in combination with α-amylase, improves the starch hydrolysis process. Pullulanase enzyme activity, being a 1-6 linkage specific, debranches starch far more efficiently than α-amylase (an a −1-4 linkage specific enzyme) thereby reducing the amount of branched oligosaccharides (e.g. limit-dextrin, panose; these are usually non-fermentable) and increasing the amount of straight chain short oligosaccharides (easily fermentable to ethanol etc.). Secondly, fragmentation of starch molecules by pullulanase catalyzed debranching increases substrate accessibility for the α-amylase, hence an increase in the efficiency of the α-amylase catalyzed reaction results.

Example 22

[0354] To determine whether the 797GL3 alpha amylase and malA alpha-glucosidase could function under similar pH and temperature conditions to generate an increased amount of glucose over that produced by either enzyme alone, approximately 0.35 ug of malA alpha glucosidase enzyme (produced in bacteria) was added to a solution containing 1% starch and starch purified from either non-transgenic corn seed (control) or 797GL3 transgenic corn seed (in 797GL3 corn seed the alpha amylase co-purifies with the starch). In addition, the purified starch from non-transgenic and 797GL3 transgenic corn seed was added to 1% corn starch in the absence of any malA enzyme. The mixtures were incubated at 90° C., pH 6.0 for 1 hour, spun down to remove any insoluble material, and the soluble fraction was analyzed by HPLC for glucose levels. As shown in FIG. 14, the 797GL3 alpha-amylase and malA alpha-glucosidase function at a similar pH and temperature to break down starch into glucose. The amount of glucose generated is significantly higher than that produced by either enzyme alone.

Example 23

[0355] The utility of the Thermoanaerobacterium glucoamylase for raw starch hydrolysis was determined. As set forth in FIG. 15, the hydrolysis conversion of raw starch was tested with water, barley α-amylase (commercial preparation from Sigma), Thermoanaerobacterum glucoamylase, and combinations thereof were ascertained at room temperature and at 30° C. As shown, the combination of the barley α-amylase with the Thermoanaerobacterium glucoamylase was able to hydrolyze raw starch into glucose. Moreover, the amount of glucose produced by the barley amylase and thermoanaerobacter GA is significantly higher than that produced by either enzyme alone.

Example 24 Maize-Optimized Genes and Sequences for Raw-Starch Hydrolysis and Vectors for Plant Transformation

[0356] The enzymes were selected based on their ability to hydrolyze raw-starch at temperatures ranging from approximately 20°-50° C. The corresponding genes or gene fragments were then designed by using maize preferred codons for the construction of synthetic genes as set forth in Example 1.

[0357]Aspergillus shirousami α-amylase/glucoamylase fusion polypeptide (without signal sequence) was selected and has the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45 as identified in Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 56:884-889 (1992); Agric. Biol. Chem. 545:1905-14 (1990); Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 56:174-79 (1992). The maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed and is represented in SEQ ID NO:46.

[0358] Similarly, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum glucoamylase was selected, having the amino acid of SEQ ID NO:47 as published in Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 62:302-308 (1998), was selected. The maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed (SEQ ID NO: 48).

[0359]Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase was selected having the amino acid sequence (without signal sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 50), as described in the literature (Agric. Biol. Chem. (1986) 50, pg 957-964). The maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed and is represented in SEQ ID NO:51.

[0360] Moreover, the maize α-amylase was selected and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 51) and nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:52) were obtained from the literature. See, e.g., Plant Physiol. 105:759-760 (1994).

[0361] Expression cassettes are constructed to express the Aspergillus shirousami α-amylase/glucoamylase fusion polypeptide from the maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed as represented in SEQ ID NO:46, the Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum glucoamylase from the maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed as represented in SEQ ID NO: 48, the Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase was selected having the amino acid sequence (without signal sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 49) from the maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed and is represented in SEQ ID NO:50, and the maize α-amylase.

[0362] A plasmid comprising the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) is fused to the synthetic gene encoding the enzyme. Optionally, the sequence SEKDEL is fused to the C-terminal of the synthetic gene for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion is cloned behined the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm in a plant transformation plasmid. The fusion is delivered to the corn tissue via Agrobacterium transfection.

Example 25

[0363] Expression cassettes comprising the selected enzymes are constructed to express the enzymes. A plasmid comprising the sequence for a raw starch binding site is fused to the synthetic gene encoding the enzyme. The raw starch binding site allows the enzyme fusion to bind to non-gelatinized starch. The raw-starch binding site amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:53) was determined based on literature, and the nucleic acid sequence was maize-optimized to give SEQ ID NO:54. The maize-optimized nucleic acid sequence is fused to the synthetic gene encoding the enzyme in a plasmid for expression in a plant.

Example 26 Construction of Maize-Optimized Genes and Vectors for Plant Transformation

[0364] The genes or gene fragments were designed by using maize preferred codons for the construction of synthetic genes as set forth in Example 1.

[0365]Pyrococcus furiosus EGLA, hyperthermophilic endoglucanase amino acid sequence (without signal sequence) was selected and has the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55, as identified in Journal of Bacteriology (1999) 181, pg 284-290.) The maize-optimized nucleic acid was designed and is represented in SEQ ID NO:56.

[0366]Thermusflavus xylose isomerase was selected and has the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:57, as described in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 62:15-27 (1997).

[0367] Expression cassettes are constructed to express the Pyrococcus furiosus EGLA (endoglucanase) from the maize-optimized nucleic acid (SEQ ID NO:56) and the Thermusflavus xylose isomerase from a maize-optimized nucleic acid encoding amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:57 A plasmid comprising the maize γ-zein N-terminal signal sequence (MRVLLVALALLALAASATS)(SEQ ID NO:17) is fused to the synthetic maize-optimized gene encoding the enzyme. Optionally, the sequence SEKDEL is fused to the C-terminal of the synthetic gene for targeting to and retention in the ER. The fusion is cloned behined the maize γ-zein promoter for expression specifically in the endosperm in a plant transformation plasmid. The fusion is delivered to the corn tissue via Agrobacterium transfection.

Example 27 Production of Glucose from Corn Flour Using Thermophilic Enzymes Expressed in Corn

[0368] Expression of the hyperthermophilic α-amylase, 797GL3 and α-glucosidase (MalA) were shown to result in production of glucose when mixed with an aqueous solution and incubated at 90° C.

[0369] A transgenic corn line (line 168A10B, pNOV4831) expressing MaIA enzyme was identified by measuring α-glucosidase activity as indicated by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-glucoside.

[0370] Corn kernels from transgenic plants expressing 797GL3 were ground to a flour in a Kleco cell thus creating amylase flour. Corn kernels from transgenic plants expressing MaIA were ground to a flour in a Kleco cell thus creating MalA flour Non-transgenic corn kernels were ground in the same manner to generate control flour.

[0371] Buffer was 50 mM MES buffer pH 6.0.

[0372] Corn flour hydrolysis reactions: Samples were prepared as indicated in Table 5 below. Corn flour (about 60 mg per sample) was mixed with 40 ml of 50 mM MES buffer, pH 6.0. Samples were incubated in a water bath set at 90° C. for 2.5 and 14 hours. At the indicated incubation times, samples were removed and analyzed for glucose content.

[0373] The samples were assayed for glucose by a glucose oxidase/horse radish peroxidase based assay. GOPOD reagent contained: 0.2 mg/ml o-dianisidine, 100 mM Tris pH 7.5, 100 U/ml glucose oxidase & 10 U/ml horse radish peroxidase. 20 μl of sample or diluted sample were arrayed in a 96 well plate along with glucose standards (which varied from 0 to 0.22 mg/ml). 100 μl of GOPOD reagent was added to each well with mixing and the plate incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. 100 μl of sulfuric acid (9M) was added and absorbance at 540 nm was read. The glucose concentration of the samples was determined by reference to the standard curve. The quantity of glucose observed in each sample is indicated in Table 5. TABLE 5 amylase MalA Glucose Glucose WT flour flour flour Buffer 2.5 h 14 h Sample mg mg Mg ml mg mg 1 66 0 0 40 0 0 2 31 30 0 40 0.26 0.50 3 30 0 31.5 40 0 0.09 4  0 32.2 30.0 40 2.29 12.30 5  0 6.1 56.2 40 1.16 8.52

[0374] These data demonstrate that when expression of hyperthermophilic α-amylase and α-glucosidase in corn result in a corn product that will generate glucose when hydrated and heated under appropriate conditions.

Example 28 Production of Maltodextrins

[0375] Grain expressing thermophilic α-amylase was used to prepare maltodextrins. The exemplified process does not require prior isolation of the starch nor does it require addition of exogenous enzymes.

[0376] Corn kernels from transgenic plants expressing 797GL3 were ground to a flour in a Kleco cell to create “amylase flour”. A mixture of 10% transgenic/90% non-transgenic kernels was ground in the same manner to create “10% amylase flour.”

[0377] Amylase flour and 10% amylase flour (approximately 60 mg/sample) were mixed with water at a rate of 5 μl of water per mg of flour. The resulting slurries were incubated at 90° C. for up to 20 hours as indicated in Table 6. Reactions were stopped by addition of 0.9 ml of 50 mM EDTA at 85° C. and mixed by pipetting. Samples of 0.2 ml of slurry were removed, centrifuged to remove insoluble material and diluted 3×in water. The samples were analyzed by HPLC with ELSD detection for sugars and maltodextrins. The gradient HPLC system was equipped with Astec Polymer Amino Column, 5 micron particle size, 250×4.6 mm and an Alltech ELSD 2000 detector. The system was pre-equilibrated with a 15:85 mixture of water:acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The initial conditions were maintained for 5 min after injection followed by a 20 min gradient to 50:50 water:acetonitrile followed by 10 minutes of the same solvent. The system was washed with 20 min of 80:20 water:acetonitrile and then re-equilibrated with the starting solvent.

[0378] The resulting peak areas were normalized for volume and weight of flour. The response factor of ELSD per μg of carbohydrate decreases with increasing DP, thus the higher DP maltodextrins represent a higher percentage of the total than indicated by peak area.

[0379] The relative peak areas of the products of reactions with 100% amylase flour are shown in FIG. 17. The relative peak areas of the products of reactions with 10% amylase flour are shown in FIG. 18.

[0380] These data demonstrate that a variety of maltodextrin mixtures can be produced by varying the time of heating. The level of α-amylase activity can be varied by mixing transgenic α-amylase-expressing corn with wild-type corn to alter the maltodextrin profile.

[0381] The products of the hydrolysis reactions described in this example can be concentrated and purified for food and other applications by use of a variety of well defined methods including: centrifugation, filtration, ion-exchange, gel permeation, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, decolorizing with carbon particles, spray drying and other standard techniques known to the art.

Example 29 Effect of Time and Temperature on Maltodextrin Production

[0382] The composition of the maltodextrin products of autohydrolysis of grain containing thermophilic α-amylase may be altered by varying the time and temperature of the reaction.

[0383] In another experiment, amylase flour was produced as described in Example 28 above and mixed with water at a ratio of 300 μl water per 60 mg flour. Samples were incubated at 70°, 80°, 90°, or 100° C. for up to 90 minutes. Reactions were stopped by addition of 900 ml of 50 mM EDTA at 90° C., centrifuged to remove insoluble material and filtered through 0.45 μm nylon filters. Filtrates were analyzed by HPLC as described in Example 28.

[0384] The result of this analysis is presented in FIG. 19. The DP number nomenclature refers to the degree of polymerization. DP2 is maltose; DP3 is maltotriose, etc. Larger DP maltodextrins eluted in a single peak near the end of the elution and are labeled “>DP12”. This aggregate includes dextrins that passed through 0.45 μm filters and through the guard column and does not include any very large starch fragments trapped by the filter or guard column.

[0385] This experiment demonstrates that the maltodextrin composition of the product can be altered by varying both temperature and incubation time to obtain the desired maltooligosaccharide or maltodextrin product.

Example 30 Maltodextrin Production

[0386] The composition of maltodextrin products from transgenic maize containing thermophilic α-amylase can also be altered by the addition of other enzymes such as α-glucosidase and xylose isomerase as well as by including salts in the aqueous flour mixture prior to treating with heat.

[0387] In another, amylase flour, prepared as described above, was mixed with purified MalA and/or a bacterial xylose isomerase, designated BD8037. S. sulfotaricus MalA with a 6His purification tag was expressed in E. coli. Cell lysate was prepared as described in Example 28, then purified to apparent homogeneity using a nickel affinity resin (Probond, Invitrogen) and following the manufacturer's instructions for native protein purification. Xylose isomerase BD8037 was obtained as a lyophilized powder from Diversa and resuspended in 0.4×the original volume of water.

[0388] Amylase corn flour was mixed with enzyme solutions plus water or buffer. All reactions contained 60 mg amylase flour and a total of 600 μl of liquid. One set of reactions was buffered with 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0 at room temperature, plus 10 mM MgSO4 and 1 mM CoCl₂; in a second set of reactions the metal-containing buffer solution was replaced by water. All reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 90° C. Reaction supernatant fractions were prepared by centrifugation. The pellets were washed with an additional 600 μl H₂O and re-centrifuged. The supernatant fractions from each reaction were combined, filtered through a Centricon 10, and analyzed by HPLC with ELSD detection as described above.

[0389] The results are graphed in FIG. 20. They demonstrate that the grain-expressed amylase 797GL3 can function with other thermophilic enzymes, with or without added metal ions, to produce a variety of maltodextrin mixtures from corn flour at a high temperature. In particular, the inclusion of a glucoamylase or α-glucosidase may result in a product with more glucose and other low DP products. Inclusion of an enzyme with glucose isomerase activity results in a product that has fructose and thus would be sweeter than that produced by amylase alone or amylase with α-glucosidase. In addition the data indicate that the proportion of DP5, DP6 and DP7 maltooligosaccharides can be increased by including divalent cationic salts, such as CoCl₂ and MgSO₄.

[0390] Other means of altering the maltodextrin composition produced by a reaction such as that described here include: varying the reaction pH, varying the starch type in the transgenic or non-transgenic grain, varying the solids ratio, or by addition of organic solvents.

Example 31 Preparing Dextrins, or Sugars from Grain without Mechanical Disruption of the Grain Prior to Recovery of Starch-Derived Products

[0391] Sugars and maltodextrins were prepared by contacting the transgenic grain expressing the α-amylase, 797GL3, with water and heating to 90° C. overnight (>14 hours). Then the liquid was separated from the grain by filtration. The liquid product was analyzed by HPLC by the method described in Example 15. Table 6 presents the profile of products detected. TABLE 6 Concentration of Products Molecular species μg/25 μl injection Fructose  0.4 Glucose 18.0 Maltose 56.0 DP3* 26.0 DP4* 15.9 DP5* 11.3 DP6*  5.3 DP7*  1.5

[0392] These data demonstrate that sugars and maltodextrins can be prepared by contacting intact α-amylase-expressing grain with water and heating. The products can then be separated from the intact grain by filtration or centrifugation or by gravitational settling.

Example 32 Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Rhizopus oryzae Glucoamylase

[0393] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 29. The kernels are ground to a flour. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Rhizopus oryzae (Sequence ID NO: 49) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0394] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 15. Then a mash is prepared containing s 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0395] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0396] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 33 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Rhizopus oryzae Glucoamylase

[0397] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The kernels are ground to a flour. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Rhizopus oryzae (Sequence ID NO: 49) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0398] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 15. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0399] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0400] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 34 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Whole Kernels of Corn Expressing Rhizopus oryzae Glucoamylase with Addition of Exogenous α-Amylase

[0401] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Rhizopus oryzae (Sequence ID NO: 49) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0402] The corn kernels are contacted with 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added: barley α-amylase purchased from Sigma (2 mg), protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mixture in order to allow CO₂ to vent. The mixture is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0403] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0404] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 35 Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Rhizopus oryzae Glucoamylase and Zea mays Amylase

[0405] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Rhizopus oryzae (Sequence ID NO:49) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. The kernels also express the maize amylase with raw starch binding domain as described in Example 28.

[0406] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 14. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0407] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0408] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 36 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum Glucoamylase

[0409] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum (Sequence ID NO: 47) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0410] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 15. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0411] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0412] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 37 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in corn Expressing Aspergillus niger Glucoamylase

[0413] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Aspergillus niger (Fiil, N. P. “Glucoamylases G1 and G2 from Aspergillus niger are synthesized from two different but closely related mRNAs” EMBO J. 3 (5), 1097-1102 (1984), Accession number PO₄₀₆₄). The maize-optimized nucleic acid encoding the glucoamylase has SEQ ID NO:59 and is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0414] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 14. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0415] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0416] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 38 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Aspergillus niger Glucoamylase and Zea mays Amylase

[0417] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Aspergillus niger (Fiil, N. P. “Glucoamylases G1 and G2 from Aspergillus niger are synthesized from two different but closely related mRNAs” EMBO J. 3 (5), 1097-1102 (1984): Accession number PO₄₀₆₄)(SEQ ID NO:59, maize-optimized nucleic acid) and is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. The kernels also express the maize amylase with raw starch binding domain as described in example 28.

[0418] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 14. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0419] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0420] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 39 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum Glucoamylase and Barley Amylase

[0421] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum (Sequence ID NO: 47) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. The kernels also express the low pI barley amylase amyl gene (Rogers, J. C. and Milliman, C. “Isolation and sequence analysis of a barley alpha-amylase cDNA clone” J. Biol. Chem. 258 (13), 8169-8174 (1983) modified to target expression of the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0422] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 14. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0423] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0424] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 40 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Whole Kernals of Corn Expressing Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum Glucoamylase and Barley Amylase

[0425] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a protein that contains an active fragment of the glucoamylase of Thermoanaerobacter thermosaccharolyticum (Sequence ID NO: 47) targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. The kernels also express the low pI barley amylase amyl gene (Rogers, J. C. and Milliman, C. “Isolation and sequence analysis of a barley alpha-amylase cDNA clone” J. Biol. Chem. 258 (13), 8169-8174 (1983) modified to target expression of the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0426] The corn kernels are contacted with 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mixture: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mixture is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0427] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0428] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

Example 41 Example of Fermentation of Raw Starch in Corn Expressing an Alpha-Amylase and Glucoamylase Fusion

[0429] Transgenic corn kernels are harvested from transgenic plants made as described in Example 28. The corn kernels express a maize-optimized polynucleotide such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 46, encoding an alpha-amylase and glucoamylase fusion, such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 45, which are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

[0430] The corn kernels are ground to a flour as described in Example 14. Then a mash is prepared containing 20 g of corn flour, 23 ml of de-ionized water, 6.0 ml of backset (8% solids by weight). pH is adjusted to 6.0 by addition of ammonium hydroxide. The following components are added to the mash: protease (0.60 ml of a 1,000-fold dilution of a commercially available protease), 0.2 mg Lactocide & urea (0.85 ml of a 10-fold dilution of 50% Urea Liquor). A hole is cut into the cap of the 100 ml bottle containing the mash to allow CO₂ to vent. The mash is then inoculated with yeast (1.44 ml) and incubated in a water bath set at 90 F. After 24 hours of fermentation the temperature is lowered to 86 F; at 48 hours it is set to 82 F.

[0431] Yeast for inoculation is propagated as described in Example 14.

[0432] Samples are removed as described in example 14 and then analyzed by the methods described in Example 14.

[0433] All publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.

1 60 1 436 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 1 Met Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met Gln Ala 1 5 10 15 Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr Ile Arg 20 25 30 Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile Trp Ile 35 40 45 Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly Tyr Asp 50 55 60 Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly Thr Val 65 70 75 80 Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile Asn Thr 85 90 95 Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Asn His 100 105 110 Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp Tyr Thr 115 120 125 Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala Asn Tyr 130 135 140 Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly Thr Phe 145 150 155 160 Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln Tyr Trp 165 170 175 Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser Ile Gly 180 185 190 Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala Trp Val 195 200 205 Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly Glu Tyr 210 215 220 Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser Ser Gly 225 230 235 240 Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Ala Phe 245 250 255 Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly 260 265 270 Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val Ala Asn 275 280 285 His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile 290 295 300 Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His Asp Asn 325 330 335 Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp Glu Met 340 345 350 Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile Thr Tyr 355 360 365 Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val Pro Lys 370 375 380 Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly Gly Trp 385 390 395 400 Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu Ala Pro 405 410 415 Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp Ser Tyr 420 425 430 Cys Gly Val Gly 435 2 1308 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 2 atggccaagt acctggagct ggaggagggc ggcgtgatca tgcaggcgtt ctactgggac 60 gtcccgagcg gaggcatctg gtgggacacc atccgccaga agatccccga gtggtacgac 120 gccggcatct ccgcgatctg gataccgcca gcttccaagg gcatgtccgg gggctactcg 180 atgggctacg acccgtacga ctacttcgac ctcggcgagt actaccagaa gggcacggtg 240 gagacgcgct tcgggtccaa gcaggagctc atcaacatga tcaacacggc gcacgcctac 300 ggcatcaagg tcatcgcgga catcgtgatc aaccacaggg ccggcggcga cctggagtgg 360 aacccgttcg tcggcgacta cacctggacg gacttctcca aggtcgcctc cggcaagtac 420 accgccaact acctcgactt ccaccccaac gagctgcacg cgggcgactc cggcacgttc 480 ggcggctacc cggacatctg ccacgacaag tcctgggacc agtactggct ctgggcctcg 540 caggagtcct acgcggccta cctgcgctcc atcggcatcg acgcgtggcg cttcgactac 600 gtcaagggct acggggcctg ggtggtcaag gactggctca actggtgggg cggctgggcg 660 gtgggcgagt actgggacac caacgtcgac gcgctgctca actgggccta ctcctccggc 720 gccaaggtgt tcgacttccc cctgtactac aagatggacg cggccttcga caacaagaac 780 atcccggcgc tcgtcgaggc cctgaagaac ggcggcacgg tggtctcccg cgacccgttc 840 aaggccgtga ccttcgtcgc caaccacgac acggacatca tctggaacaa gtacccggcg 900 tacgccttca tcctcaccta cgagggccag cccacgatct tctaccgcga ctacgaggag 960 tggctgaaca aggacaagct caagaacctg atctggattc acgacaacct cgcgggcggc 1020 tccactagta tcgtgtacta cgactccgac gagatgatct tcgtccgcaa cggctacggc 1080 tccaagcccg gcctgatcac gtacatcaac ctgggctcct ccaaggtggg ccgctgggtg 1140 tacgtcccga agttcgccgg cgcgtgcatc cacgagtaca ccggcaacct cggcggctgg 1200 gtggacaagt acgtgtactc ctccggctgg gtctacctgg aggccccggc ctacgacccc 1260 gccaacggcc agtacggcta ctccgtgtgg tcctactgcg gcgtcggc 1308 3 800 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 3 Met Gly His Trp Tyr Lys His Gln Arg Ala Tyr Gln Phe Thr Gly Glu 1 5 10 15 Asp Asp Phe Gly Lys Val Ala Val Val Lys Leu Pro Met Asp Leu Thr 20 25 30 Lys Val Gly Ile Ile Val Arg Leu Asn Glu Trp Gln Ala Lys Asp Val 35 40 45 Ala Lys Asp Arg Phe Ile Glu Ile Lys Asp Gly Lys Ala Glu Val Trp 50 55 60 Ile Leu Gln Gly Val Glu Glu Ile Phe Tyr Glu Lys Pro Asp Thr Ser 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg Ile Phe Phe Ala Gln Ala Arg Ser Asn Lys Val Ile Glu Ala 85 90 95 Phe Leu Thr Asn Pro Val Asp Thr Lys Lys Lys Glu Leu Phe Lys Val 100 105 110 Thr Val Asp Gly Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Ser Arg Val Glu Lys Ala Asp 115 120 125 Pro Thr Asp Ile Asp Val Thr Asn Tyr Val Arg Ile Val Leu Ser Glu 130 135 140 Ser Leu Lys Glu Glu Asp Leu Arg Lys Asp Val Glu Leu Ile Ile Glu 145 150 155 160 Gly Tyr Lys Pro Ala Arg Val Ile Met Met Glu Ile Leu Asp Asp Tyr 165 170 175 Tyr Tyr Asp Gly Glu Leu Gly Ala Val Tyr Ser Pro Glu Lys Thr Ile 180 185 190 Phe Arg Val Trp Ser Pro Val Ser Lys Trp Val Lys Val Leu Leu Phe 195 200 205 Lys Asn Gly Glu Asp Thr Glu Pro Tyr Gln Val Val Asn Met Glu Tyr 210 215 220 Lys Gly Asn Gly Val Trp Glu Ala Val Val Glu Gly Asp Leu Asp Gly 225 230 235 240 Val Phe Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly Lys Ile Arg Thr Thr 245 250 255 Val Asp Pro Tyr Ser Lys Ala Val Tyr Ala Asn Asn Gln Glu Ser Ala 260 265 270 Val Val Asn Leu Ala Arg Thr Asn Pro Glu Gly Trp Glu Asn Asp Arg 275 280 285 Gly Pro Lys Ile Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Ala Ile Ile Tyr Glu Ile His 290 295 300 Ile Ala Asp Ile Thr Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Gly Val Lys Asn Lys Gly 305 310 315 320 Leu Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Glu Glu Asn Thr Lys Gly Pro Gly Gly Val 325 330 335 Thr Thr Gly Leu Ser His Leu Val Glu Leu Gly Val Thr His Val His 340 345 350 Ile Leu Pro Phe Phe Asp Phe Tyr Thr Gly Asp Glu Leu Asp Lys Asp 355 360 365 Phe Glu Lys Tyr Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Leu Phe Met Val 370 375 380 Pro Glu Gly Arg Tyr Ser Thr Asp Pro Lys Asn Pro His Thr Arg Ile 385 390 395 400 Arg Glu Val Lys Glu Met Val Lys Ala Leu His Lys His Gly Ile Gly 405 410 415 Val Ile Met Asp Met Val Phe Pro His Thr Tyr Gly Ile Gly Glu Leu 420 425 430 Ser Ala Phe Asp Gln Thr Val Pro Tyr Tyr Phe Tyr Arg Ile Asp Lys 435 440 445 Thr Gly Ala Tyr Leu Asn Glu Ser Gly Cys Gly Asn Val Ile Ala Ser 450 455 460 Glu Arg Pro Met Met Arg Lys Phe Ile Val Asp Thr Val Thr Tyr Trp 465 470 475 480 Val Lys Glu Tyr His Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Gln Met Gly Leu 485 490 495 Ile Asp Lys Lys Thr Met Leu Glu Val Glu Arg Ala Leu His Lys Ile 500 505 510 Asp Pro Thr Ile Ile Leu Tyr Gly Glu Pro Trp Gly Gly Trp Gly Ala 515 520 525 Pro Ile Arg Phe Gly Lys Ser Asp Val Ala Gly Thr His Val Ala Ala 530 535 540 Phe Asn Asp Glu Phe Arg Asp Ala Ile Arg Gly Ser Val Phe Asn Pro 545 550 555 560 Ser Val Lys Gly Phe Val Met Gly Gly Tyr Gly Lys Glu Thr Lys Ile 565 570 575 Lys Arg Gly Val Val Gly Ser Ile Asn Tyr Asp Gly Lys Leu Ile Lys 580 585 590 Ser Phe Ala Leu Asp Pro Glu Glu Thr Ile Asn Tyr Ala Ala Cys His 595 600 605 Asp Asn His Thr Leu Trp Asp Lys Asn Tyr Leu Ala Ala Lys Ala Asp 610 615 620 Lys Lys Lys Glu Trp Thr Glu Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ala Gln Lys Leu 625 630 635 640 Ala Gly Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Phe Leu His Gly 645 650 655 Gly Gln Asp Phe Cys Arg Thr Thr Asn Phe Asn Asp Asn Ser Tyr Asn 660 665 670 Ala Pro Ile Ser Ile Asn Gly Phe Asp Tyr Glu Arg Lys Leu Gln Phe 675 680 685 Ile Asp Val Phe Asn Tyr His Lys Gly Leu Ile Lys Leu Arg Lys Glu 690 695 700 His Pro Ala Phe Arg Leu Lys Asn Ala Glu Glu Ile Lys Lys His Leu 705 710 715 720 Glu Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Arg Arg Ile Val Ala Phe Met Leu Lys Asp 725 730 735 His Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro Trp Lys Asp Ile Val Val Ile Tyr Asn Gly 740 745 750 Asn Leu Glu Lys Thr Thr Tyr Lys Leu Pro Glu Gly Lys Trp Asn Val 755 760 765 Val Val Asn Ser Gln Lys Ala Gly Thr Glu Val Ile Glu Thr Val Glu 770 775 780 Gly Thr Ile Glu Leu Asp Pro Leu Ser Ala Tyr Val Leu Tyr Arg Glu 785 790 795 800 4 2400 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 4 atgggccact ggtacaagca ccagcgcgcc taccagttca ccggcgagga cgacttcggg 60 aaggtggccg tggtgaagct cccgatggac ctcaccaagg tgggcatcat cgtgcgcctc 120 aacgagtggc aggcgaagga cgtggccaag gaccgcttca tcgagatcaa ggacggcaag 180 gccgaggtgt ggatactcca gggcgtggag gagatcttct acgagaagcc ggacacctcc 240 ccgcgcatct tcttcgccca ggcccgctcc aacaaggtga tcgaggcctt cctcaccaac 300 ccggtggaca ccaagaagaa ggagctgttc aaggtgaccg tcgacggcaa ggagatcccg 360 gtgtcccgcg tggagaaggc cgacccgacc gacatcgacg tgaccaacta cgtgcgcatc 420 gtgctctccg agtccctcaa ggaggaggac ctccgcaagg acgtggagct gatcatcgag 480 ggctacaagc cggcccgcgt gatcatgatg gagatcctcg acgactacta ctacgacggc 540 gagctggggg cggtgtactc cccggagaag accatcttcc gcgtgtggtc cccggtgtcc 600 aagtgggtga aggtgctcct cttcaagaac ggcgaggaca ccgagccgta ccaggtggtg 660 aacatggagt acaagggcaa cggcgtgtgg gaggccgtgg tggagggcga cctcgacggc 720 gtgttctacc tctaccagct ggagaactac ggcaagatcc gcaccaccgt ggacccgtac 780 tccaaggccg tgtacgccaa caaccaggag tctgcagtgg tgaacctcgc ccgcaccaac 840 ccggagggct gggagaacga ccgcggcccg aagatcgagg gctacgagga cgccatcatc 900 tacgagatcc acatcgccga catcaccggc ctggagaact ccggcgtgaa gaacaagggc 960 ctctacctcg gcctcaccga ggagaacacc aaggccccgg gcggcgtgac caccggcctc 1020 tcccacctcg tggagctggg cgtgacccac gtgcacatcc tcccgttctt cgacttctac 1080 accggcgacg agctggacaa ggacttcgag aagtactaca actggggcta cgacccgtac 1140 ctcttcatgg tgccggaggg ccgctactcc accgacccga agaacccgca cacccgaatt 1200 cgcgaggtga aggagatggt gaaggccctc cacaagcacg gcatcggcgt gatcatggac 1260 atggtgttcc cgcacaccta cggcatcggc gagctgtccg ccttcgacca gaccgtgccg 1320 tactacttct accgcatcga caagaccggc gcctacctca acgagtccgg ctgcggcaac 1380 gtgatcgcct ccgagcgccc gatgatgcgc aagttcatcg tggacaccgt gacctactgg 1440 gtgaaggagt accacatcga cggcttccgc ttcgaccaga tgggcctcat cgacaagaag 1500 accatgctgg aggtggagcg cgccctccac aagatcgacc cgaccatcat cctctacggc 1560 gagccgtggg gcggctgggg ggccccgatc cgcttcggca agtccgacgt ggccggcacc 1620 cacgtggccg ccttcaacga cgagttccgc gacgccatcc gcggctccgt gttcaacccg 1680 tccgtgaagg gcttcgtgat gggcggctac ggcaaggaga ccaagatcaa gcgcggcgtg 1740 gtgggctcca tcaactacga cggcaagctc atcaagtcct tcgccctcga cccggaggag 1800 accatcaact acgccgcctg ccacgacaac cacaccctct gggacaagaa ctacctcgcc 1860 gccaaggccg acaagaagaa ggagtggacc gaggaggagc tgaagaacgc ccagaagctc 1920 gccggcgcca tcctcctcac tagtcagggc gtgccgttcc tccacggcgg ccaggacttc 1980 tgccgcacca ccaacttcaa cgacaactcc tacaacgccc cgatctccat caacggcttc 2040 gactacgagc gcaagctcca gttcatcgac gtgttcaact accacaaggg cctcatcaag 2100 ctccgcaagg agcacccggc cttccgcctc aagaacgccg aggagatcaa gaagcacctg 2160 gagttcctcc cgggcgggcg ccgcatcgtg gccttcatgc tcaaggacca cgccggcggc 2220 gacccgtgga aggacatcgt ggtgatctac aacggcaacc tggagaagac cacctacaag 2280 ctcccggagg gcaagtggaa cgtggtggtg aactcccaga aggccggcac cgaggtgatc 2340 gagaccgtgg agggcaccat cgagctggac ccgctctccg cctacgtgct ctaccgcgag 2400 5 693 PRT Sulfolobus solfataricus 5 Met Glu Thr Ile Lys Ile Tyr Glu Asn Lys Gly Val Tyr Lys Val Val 1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Glu Pro Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Phe Pro Leu Glu Gln Lys Ile 20 25 30 Ser Ser Asn Lys Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Gly Leu Thr Ile Val Gln Gln 35 40 45 Gly Asn Lys Val Ile Val Glu Lys Ser Leu Asp Leu Lys Glu His Ile 50 55 60 Ile Gly Leu Gly Glu Lys Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Lys Arg Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Tyr Val Met Tyr Asn Val Asp Ala Gly Ala Tyr Lys Lys Tyr Gln Asp 85 90 95 Pro Leu Tyr Val Ser Ile Pro Leu Phe Ile Ser Val Lys Asp Gly Val 100 105 110 Ala Thr Gly Tyr Phe Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ile Phe Asp Val 115 120 125 Gly Leu Glu Glu Tyr Asp Lys Val Ile Val Thr Ile Pro Glu Asp Ser 130 135 140 Val Glu Phe Tyr Val Ile Glu Gly Pro Arg Ile Glu Asp Val Leu Glu 145 150 155 160 Lys Tyr Thr Glu Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Phe Leu Pro Pro Met Trp Ala 165 170 175 Phe Gly Tyr Met Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Tyr Tyr Pro Gln Asp Lys Val 180 185 190 Val Glu Leu Val Asp Ile Met Gln Lys Glu Gly Phe Arg Val Ala Gly 195 200 205 Val Phe Leu Asp Ile His Tyr Met Asp Ser Tyr Lys Leu Phe Thr Trp 210 215 220 His Pro Tyr Arg Phe Pro Glu Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Asp Glu Leu His 225 230 235 240 Lys Arg Asn Val Lys Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp His Gly Ile Arg Val 245 250 255 Asp Gln Asn Tyr Ser Pro Phe Leu Ser Gly Met Gly Lys Phe Cys Glu 260 265 270 Ile Glu Ser Gly Glu Leu Phe Val Gly Lys Met Trp Pro Gly Thr Thr 275 280 285 Val Tyr Pro Asp Phe Phe Arg Glu Asp Thr Arg Glu Trp Trp Ala Gly 290 295 300 Leu Ile Ser Glu Trp Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Asp Gly Ile Trp Leu Asp 305 310 315 320 Met Asn Glu Pro Thr Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Ile Glu Ile Arg Asp Val 325 330 335 Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Val Gln Phe Arg Asp Asp Arg Leu Val Thr Thr 340 345 350 Phe Pro Asp Asn Val Val His Tyr Leu Arg Gly Lys Arg Val Lys His 355 360 365 Glu Lys Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Glu Ala Met Ala Thr Phe 370 375 380 Lys Gly Phe Arg Thr Ser His Arg Asn Glu Ile Phe Ile Leu Ser Arg 385 390 395 400 Ala Gly Tyr Ala Gly Ile Gln Arg Tyr Ala Phe Ile Trp Thr Gly Asp 405 410 415 Asn Thr Pro Ser Trp Asp Asp Leu Lys Leu Gln Leu Gln Leu Val Leu 420 425 430 Gly Leu Ser Ile Ser Gly Val Pro Phe Val Gly Cys Asp Ile Gly Gly 435 440 445 Phe Gln Gly Arg Asn Phe Ala Glu Ile Asp Asn Ser Met Asp Leu Leu 450 455 460 Val Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Phe Pro Phe Tyr Arg Ser His 465 470 475 480 Lys Ala Thr Asp Gly Ile Asp Thr Glu Pro Val Phe Leu Pro Asp Tyr 485 490 495 Tyr Lys Glu Lys Val Lys Glu Ile Val Glu Leu Arg Tyr Lys Phe Leu 500 505 510 Pro Tyr Ile Tyr Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Ala Ser Glu Lys Gly His Pro 515 520 525 Val Ile Arg Pro Leu Phe Tyr Glu Phe Gln Asp Asp Asp Asp Met Tyr 530 535 540 Arg Ile Glu Asp Glu Tyr Met Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Ala Pro 545 550 555 560 Ile Val Ser Lys Glu Glu Ser Arg Leu Val Thr Leu Pro Arg Gly Lys 565 570 575 Trp Tyr Asn Tyr Trp Asn Gly Glu Ile Ile Asn Gly Lys Ser Val Val 580 585 590 Lys Ser Thr His Glu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Leu Arg Glu Gly Ser Ile Ile 595 600 605 Pro Leu Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Gly Glu Thr Ser Phe Lys 610 615 620 Arg Tyr Asp Asn Ala Glu Ile Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Glu Ile Lys Phe 625 630 635 640 Ser Arg Glu Ile Tyr Val Ser Lys Leu Thr Ile Thr Ser Glu Lys Pro 645 650 655 Val Ser Lys Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Ser Lys Glu Ile Gln Val Glu Lys 660 665 670 Thr Met Gln Asn Thr Tyr Val Ala Lys Ile Asn Gln Lys Ile Arg Gly 675 680 685 Lys Ile Asn Leu Glu 690 6 2082 DNA Sulfolobus solfataricus 6 atggagacca tcaagatcta cgagaacaag ggcgtgtaca aggtggtgat cggcgagccg 60 ttcccgccga tcgagttccc gctcgagcag aagatctcct ccaacaagtc cctctccgag 120 ctgggcctca ccatcgtgca gcagggcaac aaggtgatcg tggagaagtc cctcgacctc 180 aaggagcaca tcatcggcct cggcgagaag gccttcgagc tggaccgcaa gcgcaagcgc 240 tacgtgatgt acaacgtgga cgccggcgcc tacaagaagt accaggaccc gctctacgtg 300 tccatcccgc tcttcatctc cgtgaaggac ggcgtggcca ccggctactt cttcaactcc 360 gcctccaagg tgatcttcga cgtgggcctc gaggagtacg acaaggtgat cgtgaccatc 420 ccggaggact ccgtggagtt ctacgtgatc gagggcccgc gcatcgagga cgtgctcgag 480 aagtacaccg agctgaccgg caagccgttc ctcccgccga tgtgggcctt cggctacatg 540 atctcccgct actcctacta cccgcaggac aaggtggtgg agctggtgga catcatgcag 600 aaggagggct tccgcgtggc cggcgtgttc ctcgacatcc actacatgga ctcctacaag 660 ctcttcacct ggcacccgta ccgcttcccg gagccgaaga agctcatcga cgagctgcac 720 aagcgcaacg tgaagctcat caccatcgtg gaccacggca tccgcgtgga ccagaactac 780 tccccgttcc tctccggcat gggcaagttc tgcgagatcg agtccggcga gctgttcgtg 840 ggcaagatgt ggccgggcac caccgtgtac ccggacttct tccgcgagga cacccgcgag 900 tggtgggccg gcctcatctc cgagtggctc tcccagggcg tggacggcat ctggctcgac 960 atgaacgagc cgaccgactt ctcccgcgcc atcgagatcc gcgacgtgct ctcctccctc 1020 ccggtgcagt tccgcgacga ccgcctcgtg accaccttcc cggacaacgt ggtgcactac 1080 ctccgcggca agcgcgtgaa gcacgagaag gtgcgcaacg cctacccgct ctacgaggcg 1140 atggccacct tcaagggctt ccgcacctcc caccgcaacg agatcttcat cctctcccgc 1200 gccggctacg ccggcatcca gcgctacgcc ttcatctgga ccggcgacaa caccccgtcc 1260 tgggacgacc tcaagctcca gctccagctc gtgctcggcc tctccatctc cggcgtgccg 1320 ttcgtgggct gcgacatcgg cggcttccag ggccgcaact tcgccgagat cgacaactcg 1380 atggacctcc tcgtgaagta ctacgccctc gccctcttct tcccgttcta ccgctcccac 1440 aaggccaccg acggcatcga caccgagccg gtgttcctcc cggactacta caaggagaag 1500 gtgaaggaga tcgtggagct gcgctacaag ttcctcccgt acatctactc cctcgccctc 1560 gaggcctccg agaagggcca cccggtgatc cgcccgctct tctacgagtt ccaggacgac 1620 gacgacatgt accgcatcga ggacgagtac atggtgggca agtacctcct ctacgccccg 1680 atcgtgtcca aggaggagtc ccgcctcgtg accctcccgc gcggcaagtg gtacaactac 1740 tggaacggcg agatcatcaa cggcaagtcc gtggtgaagt ccacccacga gctgccgatc 1800 tacctccgcg agggctccat catcccgctc gagggcgacg agctgatcgt gtacggcgag 1860 acctccttca agcgctacga caacgccgag atcacctcct cctccaacga gatcaagttc 1920 tcccgcgaga tctacgtgtc caagctcacc atcacctccg agaagccggt gtccaagatc 1980 atcgtggacg actccaagga gatccaggtg gagaagacca tgcagaacac ctacgtggcc 2040 aagatcaacc agaagatccg cggcaagatc aacctcgagt ga 2082 7 1818 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 7 atggcggctc tggccacgtc gcagctcgtc gcaacgcgcg ccggcctggg cgtcccggac 60 gcgtccacgt tccgccgcgg cgccgcgcag ggcctgaggg gggcccgggc gtcggcggcg 120 gcggacacgc tcagcatgcg gaccagcgcg cgcgcggcgc ccaggcacca gcaccagcag 180 gcgcgccgcg gggccaggtt cccgtcgctc gtcgtgtgcg ccagcgccgg catgaacgtc 240 gtcttcgtcg gcgccgagat ggcgccgtgg agcaagaccg gaggcctcgg cgacgtcctc 300 ggcggcctgc cgccggccat ggccgcgaac gggcaccgtg tcatggtcgt ctctccccgc 360 tacgaccagt acaaggacgc ctgggacacc agcgtcgtgt ccgagatcaa gatgggagac 420 gggtacgaga cggtcaggtt cttccactgc tacaagcgcg gagtggaccg cgtgttcgtt 480 gaccacccac tgttcctgga gagggtttgg ggaaagaccg aggagaagat ctacgggcct 540 gtcgctggaa cggactacag ggacaaccag ctgcggttca gcctgctatg ccaggcagca 600 cttgaagctc caaggatcct gagcctcaac aacaacccat acttctccgg accatacggg 660 gaggacgtcg tgttcgtctg caacgactgg cacaccggcc ctctctcgtg ctacctcaag 720 agcaactacc agtcccacgg catctacagg gacgcaaaga ccgctttctg catccacaac 780 atctcctacc agggccggtt cgccttctcc gactacccgg agctgaacct ccccgagaga 840 ttcaagtcgt ccttcgattt catcgacggc tacgagaagc ccgtggaagg ccggaagatc 900 aactggatga aggccgggat cctcgaggcc gacagggtcc tcaccgtcag cccctactac 960 gccgaggagc tcatctccgg catcgccagg ggctgcgagc tcgacaacat catgcgcctc 1020 accggcatca ccggcatcgt caacggcatg gacgtcagcg agtgggaccc cagcagggac 1080 aagtacatcg ccgtgaagta cgacgtgtcg acggccgtgg aggccaaggc gctgaacaag 1140 gaggcgctgc aggcggaggt cgggctcccg gtggaccgga acatcccgct ggtggcgttc 1200 atcggcaggc tggaagagca gaagggcccc gacgtcatgg cggccgccat cccgcagctc 1260 atggagatgg tggaggacgt gcagatcgtt ctgctgggca cgggcaagaa gaagttcgag 1320 cgcatgctca tgagcgccga ggagaagttc ccaggcaagg tgcgcgccgt ggtcaagttc 1380 aacgcggcgc tggcgcacca catcatggcc ggcgccgacg tgctcgccgt caccagccgc 1440 ttcgagccct gcggcctcat ccagctgcag gggatgcgat acggaacgcc ctgcgcctgc 1500 gcgtccaccg gtggactcgt cgacaccatc atcgaaggca agaccgggtt ccacatgggc 1560 cgcctcagcg tcgactgcaa cgtcgtggag ccggcggacg tcaagaaggt ggccaccacc 1620 ttgcagcgcg ccatcaaggt ggtcggcacg ccggcgtacg aggagatggt gaggaactgc 1680 atgatccagg atctctcctg gaagggccct gccaagaact gggagaacgt gctgctcagc 1740 ctcggggtcg ccggcggcga gccaggggtt gaaggcgagg agatcgcgcc gctcgccaag 1800 gagaacgtgg ccgcgccc 1818 8 606 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 8 Met Ala Ala Leu Ala Thr Ser Gln Leu Val Ala Thr Arg Ala Gly Leu 1 5 10 15 Gly Val Pro Asp Ala Ser Thr Phe Arg Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Gly Leu 20 25 30 Arg Gly Ala Arg Ala Ser Ala Ala Ala Asp Thr Leu Ser Met Arg Thr 35 40 45 Ser Ala Arg Ala Ala Pro Arg His Gln His Gln Gln Ala Arg Arg Gly 50 55 60 Ala Arg Phe Pro Ser Leu Val Val Cys Ala Ser Ala Gly Met Asn Val 65 70 75 80 Val Phe Val Gly Ala Glu Met Ala Pro Trp Ser Lys Thr Gly Gly Leu 85 90 95 Gly Asp Val Leu Gly Gly Leu Pro Pro Ala Met Ala Ala Asn Gly His 100 105 110 Arg Val Met Val Val Ser Pro Arg Tyr Asp Gln Tyr Lys Asp Ala Trp 115 120 125 Asp Thr Ser Val Val Ser Glu Ile Lys Met Gly Asp Gly Tyr Glu Thr 130 135 140 Val Arg Phe Phe His Cys Tyr Lys Arg Gly Val Asp Arg Val Phe Val 145 150 155 160 Asp His Pro Leu Phe Leu Glu Arg Val Trp Gly Lys Thr Glu Glu Lys 165 170 175 Ile Tyr Gly Pro Val Ala Gly Thr Asp Tyr Arg Asp Asn Gln Leu Arg 180 185 190 Phe Ser Leu Leu Cys Gln Ala Ala Leu Glu Ala Pro Arg Ile Leu Ser 195 200 205 Leu Asn Asn Asn Pro Tyr Phe Ser Gly Pro Tyr Gly Glu Asp Val Val 210 215 220 Phe Val Cys Asn Asp Trp His Thr Gly Pro Leu Ser Cys Tyr Leu Lys 225 230 235 240 Ser Asn Tyr Gln Ser His Gly Ile Tyr Arg Asp Ala Lys Thr Ala Phe 245 250 255 Cys Ile His Asn Ile Ser Tyr Gln Gly Arg Phe Ala Phe Ser Asp Tyr 260 265 270 Pro Glu Leu Asn Leu Pro Glu Arg Phe Lys Ser Ser Phe Asp Phe Ile 275 280 285 Asp Gly Tyr Glu Lys Pro Val Glu Gly Arg Lys Ile Asn Trp Met Lys 290 295 300 Ala Gly Ile Leu Glu Ala Asp Arg Val Leu Thr Val Ser Pro Tyr Tyr 305 310 315 320 Ala Glu Glu Leu Ile Ser Gly Ile Ala Arg Gly Cys Glu Leu Asp Asn 325 330 335 Ile Met Arg Leu Thr Gly Ile Thr Gly Ile Val Asn Gly Met Asp Val 340 345 350 Ser Glu Trp Asp Pro Ser Arg Asp Lys Tyr Ile Ala Val Lys Tyr Asp 355 360 365 Val Ser Thr Ala Val Glu Ala Lys Ala Leu Asn Lys Glu Ala Leu Gln 370 375 380 Ala Glu Val Gly Leu Pro Val Asp Arg Asn Ile Pro Leu Val Ala Phe 385 390 395 400 Ile Gly Arg Leu Glu Glu Gln Lys Gly Pro Asp Val Met Ala Ala Ala 405 410 415 Ile Pro Gln Leu Met Glu Met Val Glu Asp Val Gln Ile Val Leu Leu 420 425 430 Gly Thr Gly Lys Lys Lys Phe Glu Arg Met Leu Met Ser Ala Glu Glu 435 440 445 Lys Phe Pro Gly Lys Val Arg Ala Val Val Lys Phe Asn Ala Ala Leu 450 455 460 Ala His His Ile Met Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Leu Ala Val Thr Ser Arg 465 470 475 480 Phe Glu Pro Cys Gly Leu Ile Gln Leu Gln Gly Met Arg Tyr Gly Thr 485 490 495 Pro Cys Ala Cys Ala Ser Thr Gly Gly Leu Val Asp Thr Ile Ile Glu 500 505 510 Gly Lys Thr Gly Phe His Met Gly Arg Leu Ser Val Asp Cys Asn Val 515 520 525 Val Glu Pro Ala Asp Val Lys Lys Val Ala Thr Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala 530 535 540 Ile Lys Val Val Gly Thr Pro Ala Tyr Glu Glu Met Val Arg Asn Cys 545 550 555 560 Met Ile Gln Asp Leu Ser Trp Lys Gly Pro Ala Lys Asn Trp Glu Asn 565 570 575 Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Gly Val Ala Gly Gly Glu Pro Gly Val Glu Gly 580 585 590 Glu Glu Ile Ala Pro Leu Ala Lys Glu Asn Val Ala Ala Pro 595 600 605 9 2223 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 9 atggccaagt acctggagct ggaggagggc ggcgtgatca tgcaggcgtt ctactgggac 60 gtcccgagcg gaggcatctg gtgggacacc atccgccaga agatccccga gtggtacgac 120 gccggcatct ccgcgatctg gataccgcca gcttccaagg gcatgtccgg gggctactcg 180 atgggctacg acccgtacga ctacttcgac ctcggcgagt actaccagaa gggcacggtg 240 gagacgcgct tcgggtccaa gcaggagctc atcaacatga tcaacacggc gcacgcctac 300 ggcatcaagg tcatcgcgga catcgtgatc aaccacaggg ccggcggcga cctggagtgg 360 aacccgttcg tcggcgacta cacctggacg gacttctcca aggtcgcctc cggcaagtac 420 accgccaact acctcgactt ccaccccaac gagctgcacg cgggcgactc cggcacgttc 480 ggcggctacc cggacatctg ccacgacaag tcctgggacc agtactggct ctgggcctcg 540 caggagtcct acgcggccta cctgcgctcc atcggcatcg acgcgtggcg cttcgactac 600 gtcaagggct acggggcctg ggtggtcaag gactggctca actggtgggg cggctgggcg 660 gtgggcgagt actgggacac caacgtcgac gcgctgctca actgggccta ctcctccggc 720 gccaaggtgt tcgacttccc cctgtactac aagatggacg cggccttcga caacaagaac 780 atcccggcgc tcgtcgaggc cctgaagaac ggcggcacgg tggtctcccg cgacccgttc 840 aaggccgtga ccttcgtcgc caaccacgac acggacatca tctggaacaa gtacccggcg 900 tacgccttca tcctcaccta cgagggccag cccacgatct tctaccgcga ctacgaggag 960 tggctgaaca aggacaagct caagaacctg atctggattc acgacaacct cgcgggcggc 1020 tccactagta tcgtgtacta cgactccgac gagatgatct tcgtccgcaa cggctacggc 1080 tccaagcccg gcctgatcac gtacatcaac ctgggctcct ccaaggtggg ccgctgggtg 1140 tacgtcccga agttcgccgg cgcgtgcatc cacgagtaca ccggcaacct cggcggctgg 1200 gtggacaagt acgtgtactc ctccggctgg gtctacctgg aggccccggc ctacgacccc 1260 gccaacggcc agtacggcta ctccgtgtgg tcctactgcg gcgtcggcac atcgattgct 1320 ggcatcctcg aggccgacag ggtcctcacc gtcagcccct actacgccga ggagctcatc 1380 tccggcatcg ccaggggctg cgagctcgac aacatcatgc gcctcaccgg catcaccggc 1440 atcgtcaacg gcatggacgt cagcgagtgg gaccccagca gggacaagta catcgccgtg 1500 aagtacgacg tgtcgacggc cgtggaggcc aaggcgctga acaaggaggc gctgcaggcg 1560 gaggtcgggc tcccggtgga ccggaacatc ccgctggtgg cgttcatcgg caggctggaa 1620 gagcagaagg gccccgacgt catggcggcc gccatcccgc agctcatgga gatggtggag 1680 gacgtgcaga tcgttctgct gggcacgggc aagaagaagt tcgagcgcat gctcatgagc 1740 gccgaggaga agttcccagg caaggtgcgc gccgtggtca agttcaacgc ggcgctggcg 1800 caccacatca tggccggcgc cgacgtgctc gccgtcacca gccgcttcga gccctgcggc 1860 ctcatccagc tgcaggggat gcgatacgga acgccctgcg cctgcgcgtc caccggtgga 1920 ctcgtcgaca ccatcatcga aggcaagacc gggttccaca tgggccgcct cagcgtcgac 1980 tgcaacgtcg tggagccggc ggacgtcaag aaggtggcca ccaccttgca gcgcgccatc 2040 aaggtggtcg gcacgccggc gtacgaggag atggtgagga actgcatgat ccaggatctc 2100 tcctggaagg gccctgccaa gaactgggag aacgtgctgc tcagcctcgg ggtcgccggc 2160 ggcgagccag gggttgaagg cgaggagatc gcgccgctcg ccaaggagaa cgtggccgcg 2220 ccc 2223 10 741 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 10 Met Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met Gln Ala 1 5 10 15 Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr Ile Arg 20 25 30 Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile Trp Ile 35 40 45 Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly Tyr Asp 50 55 60 Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly Thr Val 65 70 75 80 Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile Asn Thr 85 90 95 Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Asn His 100 105 110 Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp Tyr Thr 115 120 125 Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala Asn Tyr 130 135 140 Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly Thr Phe 145 150 155 160 Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln Tyr Trp 165 170 175 Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser Ile Gly 180 185 190 Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala Trp Val 195 200 205 Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly Glu Tyr 210 215 220 Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser Ser Gly 225 230 235 240 Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Ala Phe 245 250 255 Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly 260 265 270 Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val Ala Asn 275 280 285 His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile 290 295 300 Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His Asp Asn 325 330 335 Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp Glu Met 340 345 350 Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile Thr Tyr 355 360 365 Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val Pro Lys 370 375 380 Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly Gly Trp 385 390 395 400 Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu Ala Pro 405 410 415 Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp Ser Tyr 420 425 430 Cys Gly Val Gly Thr Ser Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu Glu Ala Asp Arg Val 435 440 445 Leu Thr Val Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Ala Glu Glu Leu Ile Ser Gly Ile Ala 450 455 460 Arg Gly Cys Glu Leu Asp Asn Ile Met Arg Leu Thr Gly Ile Thr Gly 465 470 475 480 Ile Val Asn Gly Met Asp Val Ser Glu Trp Asp Pro Ser Arg Asp Lys 485 490 495 Tyr Ile Ala Val Lys Tyr Asp Val Ser Thr Ala Val Glu Ala Lys Ala 500 505 510 Leu Asn Lys Glu Ala Leu Gln Ala Glu Val Gly Leu Pro Val Asp Arg 515 520 525 Asn Ile Pro Leu Val Ala Phe Ile Gly Arg Leu Glu Glu Gln Lys Gly 530 535 540 Pro Asp Val Met Ala Ala Ala Ile Pro Gln Leu Met Glu Met Val Glu 545 550 555 560 Asp Val Gln Ile Val Leu Leu Gly Thr Gly Lys Lys Lys Phe Glu Arg 565 570 575 Met Leu Met Ser Ala Glu Glu Lys Phe Pro Gly Lys Val Arg Ala Val 580 585 590 Val Lys Phe Asn Ala Ala Leu Ala His His Ile Met Ala Gly Ala Asp 595 600 605 Val Leu Ala Val Thr Ser Arg Phe Glu Pro Cys Gly Leu Ile Gln Leu 610 615 620 Gln Gly Met Arg Tyr Gly Thr Pro Cys Ala Cys Ala Ser Thr Gly Gly 625 630 635 640 Leu Val Asp Thr Ile Ile Glu Gly Lys Thr Gly Phe His Met Gly Arg 645 650 655 Leu Ser Val Asp Cys Asn Val Val Glu Pro Ala Asp Val Lys Lys Val 660 665 670 Ala Thr Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ile Lys Val Val Gly Thr Pro Ala Tyr 675 680 685 Glu Glu Met Val Arg Asn Cys Met Ile Gln Asp Leu Ser Trp Lys Gly 690 695 700 Pro Ala Lys Asn Trp Glu Asn Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Gly Val Ala Gly 705 710 715 720 Gly Glu Pro Gly Val Glu Gly Glu Glu Ile Ala Pro Leu Ala Lys Glu 725 730 735 Asn Val Ala Ala Pro 740 11 1515 DNA Zea mays 11 ggagagctat gagacgtatg tcctcaaagc cactttgcat tgtgtgaaac caatatcgat 60 ctttgttact tcatcatgca tgaacatttg tggaaactac tagcttacaa gcattagtga 120 cagctcagaa aaaagttatc tatgaaaggt ttcatgtgta ccgtgggaaa tgagaaatgt 180 tgccaactca aacaccttca atatgttgtt tgcaggcaaa ctcttctgga agaaaggtgt 240 ctaaaactat gaacgggtta cagaaaggta taaaccacgg ctgtgcattt tggaagtatc 300 atctatagat gtctgttgag gggaaagccg tacgccaacg ttatttactc agaaacagct 360 tcaacacaca gttgtctgct ttatgatggc atctccaccc aggcacccac catcacctat 420 ctctcgtgcc tgtttatttt cttgcccttt ctgatcataa aaaaacatta agagtttgca 480 aacatgcata ggcatatcaa tatgctcatt tattaatttg ctagcagatc atcttcctac 540 tctttacttt atttattgtt tgaaaaatat gtcctgcacc tagggagctc gtatacagta 600 ccaatgcatc ttcattaaat gtgaatttca gaaaggaagt aggaacctat gagagtattt 660 ttcaaaatta attagcggct tctattatgt ttatagcaaa ggccaagggc aaaattggaa 720 cactaatgat ggttggttgc atgagtctgt cgattacttg caagaaatgt gaacctttgt 780 ttctgtgcgt gggcataaaa caaacagctt ctagcctctt ttacggtact tgcacttgca 840 agaaatgtga actccttttc atttctgtat gtggacataa tgccaaagca tccaggcttt 900 ttcatggttg ttgatgtctt tacacagttc atctccacca gtatgccctc ctcatactct 960 atataaacac atcaacagca tcgcaattag ccacaagatc acttcgggag gcaagtgcga 1020 tttcgatctc gcagccacct ttttttgttc tgttgtaagt ataccttccc ttaccatctt 1080 tatctgttag tttaatttgt aattgggaag tattagtgga aagaggatga gatgctatca 1140 tctatgtact ctgcaaatgc atctgacgtt atatgggctg cttcatataa tttgaattgc 1200 tccattcttg ccgacaatat attgcaaggt atatgcctag ttccatcaaa agttctgttt 1260 tttcattcta aaagcatttt agtggcacac aatttttgtc catgagggaa aggaaatctg 1320 ttttggttac tttgcttgag gtgcattctt catatgtcca gttttatgga agtaataaac 1380 ttcagtttgg tcataagatg tcatattaaa gggcaaacat atattcaatg ttcaattcat 1440 cgtaaatgtt ccctttttgt aaaagattgc atactcattt atttgagttg caggtgtatc 1500 tagtagttgg aggag 1515 12 673 DNA Zea mays 12 gatcatccag gtgcaaccgt ataagtccta aagtggtgag gaacacgaaa caaccatgca 60 ttggcatgta aagctccaag aatttgttgt atccttaaca actcacagaa catcaaccaa 120 aattgcacgt caagggtatt gggtaagaaa caatcaaaca aatcctctct gtgtgcaaag 180 aaacacggtg agtcatgccg agatcatact catctgatat acatgcttac agctcacaag 240 acattacaaa caactcatat tgcattacaa agatcgtttc atgaaaaata aaataggccg 300 gacaggacaa aaatccttga cgtgtaaagt aaatttacaa caaaaaaaaa gccatatgtc 360 aagctaaatc taattcgttt tacgtagatc aacaacctgt agaaggcaac aaaactgagc 420 cacgcagaag tacagaatga ttccagatga accatcgacg tgctacgtaa agagagtgac 480 gagtcatata catttggcaa gaaaccatga agctgcctac agccgtctcg gtggcataag 540 aacacaagaa attgtgttaa ttaatcaaag ctataaataa cgctcgcatg cctgtgcact 600 tctccatcac caccactggg tcttcagacc attagcttta tctactccag agcgcagaag 660 aacccgatcg aca 673 13 454 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 13 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met 20 25 30 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr 35 40 45 Ile Arg Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile 50 55 60 Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly 85 90 95 Thr Val Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile 100 105 110 Asn Thr Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile 115 120 125 Asn His Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Thr Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Asn Tyr Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly 165 170 175 Thr Phe Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser 195 200 205 Ile Gly Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala 210 215 220 Trp Val Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly 225 230 235 240 Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Ser Gly Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala 260 265 270 Ala Phe Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn 275 280 285 Gly Gly Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val 290 295 300 Ala Asn His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala 305 310 315 320 Phe Ile Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr 325 330 335 Glu Glu Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His 340 345 350 Asp Asn Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp 355 360 365 Glu Met Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val 385 390 395 400 Pro Lys Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly 405 410 415 Gly Trp Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu 420 425 430 Ala Pro Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp 435 440 445 Ser Tyr Cys Gly Val Gly 450 14 460 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 14 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met 20 25 30 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr 35 40 45 Ile Arg Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile 50 55 60 Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly 85 90 95 Thr Val Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile 100 105 110 Asn Thr Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile 115 120 125 Asn His Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Thr Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Asn Tyr Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly 165 170 175 Thr Phe Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser 195 200 205 Ile Gly Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala 210 215 220 Trp Val Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly 225 230 235 240 Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Ser Gly Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala 260 265 270 Ala Phe Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn 275 280 285 Gly Gly Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val 290 295 300 Ala Asn His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala 305 310 315 320 Phe Ile Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr 325 330 335 Glu Glu Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His 340 345 350 Asp Asn Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp 355 360 365 Glu Met Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val 385 390 395 400 Pro Lys Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly 405 410 415 Gly Trp Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu 420 425 430 Ala Pro Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp 435 440 445 Ser Tyr Cys Gly Val Gly Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 450 455 460 15 518 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 15 Met Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Thr Ser Gln Leu Val Ala Thr Arg Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Val Pro Asp Ala Ser Thr Phe Arg Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Gly 20 25 30 Leu Arg Gly Ala Arg Ala Ser Ala Ala Ala Asp Thr Leu Ser Met Arg 35 40 45 Thr Ser Ala Arg Ala Ala Pro Arg His Gln His Gln Gln Ala Arg Arg 50 55 60 Gly Ala Arg Phe Pro Ser Leu Val Val Cys Ala Ser Ala Gly Ala Met 65 70 75 80 Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met Gln Ala Phe 85 90 95 Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr Ile Arg Gln 100 105 110 Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile Trp Ile Pro 115 120 125 Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly Tyr Asp Pro 130 135 140 Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Glu 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile Asn Thr Ala 165 170 175 His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Asn His Arg 180 185 190 Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp Tyr Thr Trp 195 200 205 Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala Asn Tyr Leu 210 215 220 Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly Thr Phe Gly 225 230 235 240 Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln Tyr Trp Leu 245 250 255 Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser Ile Gly Ile 260 265 270 Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala Trp Val Val 275 280 285 Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly Glu Tyr Trp 290 295 300 Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser Ser Gly Ala 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Ala Phe Asp 325 330 335 Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Thr 340 345 350 Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val Ala Asn His 355 360 365 Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Glu Glu Trp 385 390 395 400 Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His Asp Asn Leu 405 410 415 Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp Glu Met Ile 420 425 430 Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile Thr Tyr Ile 435 440 445 Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val Pro Lys Phe 450 455 460 Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly Gly Trp Val 465 470 475 480 Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu Ala Pro Ala 485 490 495 Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp Ser Tyr Cys 500 505 510 Gly Val Gly Thr Ser Ile 515 16 820 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 16 Met Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Thr Ser Gln Leu Val Ala Thr Arg Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Val Pro Asp Ala Ser Thr Phe Arg Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Gly 20 25 30 Leu Arg Gly Ala Arg Ala Ser Ala Ala Ala Asp Thr Leu Ser Met Arg 35 40 45 Thr Ser Ala Arg Ala Ala Pro Arg His Gln His Gln Gln Ala Arg Arg 50 55 60 Gly Ala Arg Phe Pro Ser Leu Val Val Cys Ala Ser Ala Gly Ala Met 65 70 75 80 Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met Gln Ala Phe 85 90 95 Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr Ile Arg Gln 100 105 110 Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile Trp Ile Pro 115 120 125 Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly Tyr Asp Pro 130 135 140 Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly Thr Val Glu 145 150 155 160 Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile Asn Thr Ala 165 170 175 His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Asn His Arg 180 185 190 Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp Tyr Thr Trp 195 200 205 Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala Asn Tyr Leu 210 215 220 Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly Thr Phe Gly 225 230 235 240 Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln Tyr Trp Leu 245 250 255 Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser Ile Gly Ile 260 265 270 Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala Trp Val Val 275 280 285 Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly Glu Tyr Trp 290 295 300 Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser Ser Gly Ala 305 310 315 320 Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala Ala Phe Asp 325 330 335 Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn Gly Gly Thr 340 345 350 Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val Ala Asn His 355 360 365 Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala Phe Ile Leu 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr Glu Glu Trp 385 390 395 400 Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His Asp Asn Leu 405 410 415 Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp Glu Met Ile 420 425 430 Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile Thr Tyr Ile 435 440 445 Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val Pro Lys Phe 450 455 460 Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly Gly Trp Val 465 470 475 480 Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu Ala Pro Ala 485 490 495 Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp Ser Tyr Cys 500 505 510 Gly Val Gly Thr Ser Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu Glu Ala Asp Arg Val Leu 515 520 525 Thr Val Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Ala Glu Glu Leu Ile Ser Gly Ile Ala Arg 530 535 540 Gly Cys Glu Leu Asp Asn Ile Met Arg Leu Thr Gly Ile Thr Gly Ile 545 550 555 560 Val Asn Gly Met Asp Val Ser Glu Trp Asp Pro Ser Arg Asp Lys Tyr 565 570 575 Ile Ala Val Lys Tyr Asp Val Ser Thr Ala Val Glu Ala Lys Ala Leu 580 585 590 Asn Lys Glu Ala Leu Gln Ala Glu Val Gly Leu Pro Val Asp Arg Asn 595 600 605 Ile Pro Leu Val Ala Phe Ile Gly Arg Leu Glu Glu Gln Lys Gly Pro 610 615 620 Asp Val Met Ala Ala Ala Ile Pro Gln Leu Met Glu Met Val Glu Asp 625 630 635 640 Val Gln Ile Val Leu Leu Gly Thr Gly Lys Lys Lys Phe Glu Arg Met 645 650 655 Leu Met Ser Ala Glu Glu Lys Phe Pro Gly Lys Val Arg Ala Val Val 660 665 670 Lys Phe Asn Ala Ala Leu Ala His His Ile Met Ala Gly Ala Asp Val 675 680 685 Leu Ala Val Thr Ser Arg Phe Glu Pro Cys Gly Leu Ile Gln Leu Gln 690 695 700 Gly Met Arg Tyr Gly Thr Pro Cys Ala Cys Ala Ser Thr Gly Gly Leu 705 710 715 720 Val Asp Thr Ile Ile Glu Gly Lys Thr Gly Phe His Met Gly Arg Leu 725 730 735 Ser Val Asp Cys Asn Val Val Glu Pro Ala Asp Val Lys Lys Val Ala 740 745 750 Thr Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ile Lys Val Val Gly Thr Pro Ala Tyr Glu 755 760 765 Glu Met Val Arg Asn Cys Met Ile Gln Asp Leu Ser Trp Lys Gly Pro 770 775 780 Ala Lys Asn Trp Glu Asn Val Leu Leu Ser Leu Gly Val Ala Gly Gly 785 790 795 800 Glu Pro Gly Val Glu Gly Glu Glu Ile Ala Pro Leu Ala Lys Glu Asn 805 810 815 Val Ala Ala Pro 820 17 19 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 17 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser 18 444 PRT Thermotoga maritima 18 Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Ile Gln Phe Glu Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Arg Phe Tyr Asp Pro Asn Glu Val 20 25 30 Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val Ala Phe 35 40 45 Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp Pro Thr 50 55 60 Ala Glu Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Pro Met Asp Lys Ala Phe 65 70 75 80 Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn Ile Glu 85 90 95 Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys Thr Leu 100 105 110 Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu 115 120 125 Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala Asn Leu 130 135 140 Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu Glu Ile 165 170 175 Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly Arg Glu 180 185 190 Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Glu Leu Glu Asn 195 200 205 Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys Lys Ile Gly 210 215 220 Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro Thr Lys 225 230 235 240 His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Asn 245 250 255 His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn His Ala 260 265 270 Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Ile 275 280 285 Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu Leu Leu 290 295 300 Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Ile Tyr Asp Thr Thr Leu 305 310 315 320 Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly Gly Leu 325 330 335 Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu Asp Leu 340 345 350 Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly Phe Lys 355 360 365 Ile Ala Tyr Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Gly Val Phe Asp Lys Phe Ile Glu 370 375 380 Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Lys Glu Gly Ile Gly Lys Glu Ile Val Glu 385 390 395 400 Gly Lys Thr Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp Lys Glu 405 410 415 Asp Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser Leu Leu 420 425 430 Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Ala Glu Leu Arg 435 440 19 1335 DNA Thermotoga maritima 19 atggccgagt tcttcccgga gatcccgaag atccagttcg agggcaagga gtccaccaac 60 ccgctcgcct tccgcttcta cgacccgaac gaggtgatcg acggcaagcc gctcaaggac 120 cacctcaagt tctccgtggc cttctggcac accttcgtga acgagggccg cgacccgttc 180 ggcgacccga ccgccgagcg cccgtggaac cgcttctccg acccgatgga caaggccttc 240 gcccgcgtgg acgccctctt cgagttctgc gagaagctca acatcgagta cttctgcttc 300 cacgaccgcg acatcgcccc ggagggcaag accctccgcg agaccaacaa gatcctcgac 360 aaggtggtgg agcgcatcaa ggagcgcatg aaggactcca acgtgaagct cctctggggc 420 accgccaacc tcttctccca cccgcgctac atgcacggcg ccgccaccac ctgctccgcc 480 gacgtgttcg cctacgccgc cgcccaggtg aagaaggccc tggagatcac caaggagctg 540 ggcggcgagg gctacgtgtt ctggggcggc cgcgagggct acgagaccct cctcaacacc 600 gacctcggcc tggagctgga gaacctcgcc cgcttcctcc gcatggccgt ggagtacgcc 660 aagaagatcg gcttcaccgg ccagttcctc atcgagccga agccgaagga gccgaccaag 720 caccagtacg acttcgacgt ggccaccgcc tacgccttcc tcaagaacca cggcctcgac 780 gagtacttca agttcaacat cgaggccaac cacgccaccc tcgccggcca caccttccag 840 cacgagctgc gcatggcccg catcctcggc aagctcggct ccatcgacgc caaccagggc 900 gacctcctcc tcggctggga caccgaccag ttcccgacca acatctacga caccaccctc 960 gccatgtacg aggtgatcaa ggccggcggc ttcaccaagg gcggcctcaa cttcgacgcc 1020 aaggtgcgcc gcgcctccta caaggtggag gacctcttca tcggccacat cgccggcatg 1080 gacaccttcg ccctcggctt caagatcgcc tacaagctcg ccaaggacgg cgtgttcgac 1140 aagttcatcg aggagaagta ccgctccttc aaggagggca tcggcaagga gatcgtggag 1200 ggcaagaccg acttcgagaa gctggaggag tacatcatcg acaaggagga catcgagctg 1260 ccgtccggca agcaggagta cctggagtcc ctcctcaact cctacatcgt gaagaccatc 1320 gccgagctgc gctga 1335 20 444 PRT Thermotoga neapolitana 20 Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Val Gln Phe Glu Gly Lys 1 5 10 15 Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Pro Glu Glu Ile 20 25 30 Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val Ala Phe 35 40 45 Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp Pro Thr 50 55 60 Ala Asp Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Tyr Thr Asp Pro Met Asp Lys Ala Phe 65 70 75 80 Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn Ile Glu 85 90 95 Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys Thr Leu 100 105 110 Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu 115 120 125 Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala Asn Leu 130 135 140 Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu Glu Ile 165 170 175 Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly Arg Glu 180 185 190 Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Phe Glu Leu Glu Asn 195 200 205 Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Asp Tyr Ala Lys Arg Ile Gly 210 215 220 Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro Thr Lys 225 230 235 240 His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Ser 245 250 255 His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn His Ala 260 265 270 Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Ile 275 280 285 Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu Leu Leu 290 295 300 Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr Asp Thr Thr Leu 305 310 315 320 Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly Gly Leu 325 330 335 Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu Asp Leu 340 345 350 Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly Phe Lys 355 360 365 Val Ala Tyr Lys Leu Val Lys Asp Gly Val Leu Asp Lys Phe Ile Glu 370 375 380 Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Arg Glu Gly Ile Gly Arg Asp Ile Val Glu 385 390 395 400 Gly Lys Val Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp Lys Glu 405 410 415 Thr Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser Leu Ile 420 425 430 Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg 435 440 21 1335 DNA Thermotoga neapolitana 21 atggccgagt tcttcccgga gatcccgaag gtgcagttcg agggcaagga gtccaccaac 60 ccgctcgcct tcaagttcta cgacccggag gagatcatcg acggcaagcc gctcaaggac 120 cacctcaagt tctccgtggc cttctggcac accttcgtga acgagggccg cgacccgttc 180 ggcgacccga ccgccgaccg cccgtggaac cgctacaccg acccgatgga caaggccttc 240 gcccgcgtgg acgccctctt cgagttctgc gagaagctca acatcgagta cttctgcttc 300 cacgaccgcg acatcgcccc ggagggcaag accctccgcg agaccaacaa gatcctcgac 360 aaggtggtgg agcgcatcaa ggagcgcatg aaggactcca acgtgaagct cctctggggc 420 accgccaacc tcttctccca cccgcgctac atgcacggcg ccgccaccac ctgctccgcc 480 gacgtgttcg cctacgccgc cgcccaggtg aagaaggccc tggagatcac caaggagctg 540 ggcggcgagg gctacgtgtt ctggggcggc cgcgagggct acgagaccct cctcaacacc 600 gacctcggct tcgagctgga gaacctcgcc cgcttcctcc gcatggccgt ggactacgcc 660 aagcgcatcg gcttcaccgg ccagttcctc atcgagccga agccgaagga gccgaccaag 720 caccagtacg acttcgacgt ggccaccgcc tacgccttcc tcaagtccca cggcctcgac 780 gagtacttca agttcaacat cgaggccaac cacgccaccc tcgccggcca caccttccag 840 cacgagctgc gcatggcccg catcctcggc aagctcggct ccatcgacgc caaccagggc 900 gacctcctcc tcggctggga caccgaccag ttcccgacca acgtgtacga caccaccctc 960 gccatgtacg aggtgatcaa ggccggcggc ttcaccaagg gcggcctcaa cttcgacgcc 1020 aaggtgcgcc gcgcctccta caaggtggag gacctcttca tcggccacat cgccggcatg 1080 gacaccttcg ccctcggctt caaggtggcc tacaagctcg tgaaggacgg cgtgctcgac 1140 aagttcatcg aggagaagta ccgctccttc cgcgagggca tcggccgcga catcgtggag 1200 ggcaaggtgg acttcgagaa gctggaggag tacatcatcg acaaggagac catcgagctg 1260 ccgtccggca agcaggagta cctggagtcc ctcatcaact cctacatcgt gaagaccatc 1320 ctggagctgc gctga 1335 22 28 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 22 agcgaattca tggcggctct ggccacgt 28 23 29 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 23 agctaagctt cagggcgcgg ccacgttct 29 24 825 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 24 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Gly His Trp Tyr Lys His Gln Arg Ala Tyr Gln Phe 20 25 30 Thr Gly Glu Asp Asp Phe Gly Lys Val Ala Val Val Lys Leu Pro Met 35 40 45 Asp Leu Thr Lys Val Gly Ile Ile Val Arg Leu Asn Glu Trp Gln Ala 50 55 60 Lys Asp Val Ala Lys Asp Arg Phe Ile Glu Ile Lys Asp Gly Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Val Trp Ile Leu Gln Gly Val Glu Glu Ile Phe Tyr Glu Lys Pro 85 90 95 Asp Thr Ser Pro Arg Ile Phe Phe Ala Gln Ala Arg Ser Asn Lys Val 100 105 110 Ile Glu Ala Phe Leu Thr Asn Pro Val Asp Thr Lys Lys Lys Glu Leu 115 120 125 Phe Lys Val Thr Val Asp Gly Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Ser Arg Val Glu 130 135 140 Lys Ala Asp Pro Thr Asp Ile Asp Val Thr Asn Tyr Val Arg Ile Val 145 150 155 160 Leu Ser Glu Ser Leu Lys Glu Glu Asp Leu Arg Lys Asp Val Glu Leu 165 170 175 Ile Ile Glu Gly Tyr Lys Pro Ala Arg Val Ile Met Met Glu Ile Leu 180 185 190 Asp Asp Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Gly Glu Leu Gly Ala Val Tyr Ser Pro Glu 195 200 205 Lys Thr Ile Phe Arg Val Trp Ser Pro Val Ser Lys Trp Val Lys Val 210 215 220 Leu Leu Phe Lys Asn Gly Glu Asp Thr Glu Pro Tyr Gln Val Val Asn 225 230 235 240 Met Glu Tyr Lys Gly Asn Gly Val Trp Glu Ala Val Val Glu Gly Asp 245 250 255 Leu Asp Gly Val Phe Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly Lys Ile 260 265 270 Arg Thr Thr Val Asp Pro Tyr Ser Lys Ala Val Tyr Ala Asn Asn Gln 275 280 285 Glu Ser Ala Val Val Asn Leu Ala Arg Thr Asn Pro Glu Gly Trp Glu 290 295 300 Asn Asp Arg Gly Pro Lys Ile Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Ala Ile Ile Tyr 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile His Ile Ala Asp Ile Thr Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Gly Val Lys 325 330 335 Asn Lys Gly Leu Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Glu Glu Asn Thr Lys Ala Pro 340 345 350 Gly Gly Val Thr Thr Gly Leu Ser His Leu Val Glu Leu Gly Val Thr 355 360 365 His Val His Ile Leu Pro Phe Phe Asp Phe Tyr Thr Gly Asp Glu Leu 370 375 380 Asp Lys Asp Phe Glu Lys Tyr Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Leu 385 390 395 400 Phe Met Val Pro Glu Gly Arg Tyr Ser Thr Asp Pro Lys Asn Pro His 405 410 415 Thr Arg Ile Arg Glu Val Lys Glu Met Val Lys Ala Leu His Lys His 420 425 430 Gly Ile Gly Val Ile Met Asp Met Val Phe Pro His Thr Tyr Gly Ile 435 440 445 Gly Glu Leu Ser Ala Phe Asp Gln Thr Val Pro Tyr Tyr Phe Tyr Arg 450 455 460 Ile Asp Lys Thr Gly Ala Tyr Leu Asn Glu Ser Gly Cys Gly Asn Val 465 470 475 480 Ile Ala Ser Glu Arg Pro Met Met Arg Lys Phe Ile Val Asp Thr Val 485 490 495 Thr Tyr Trp Val Lys Glu Tyr His Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Gln 500 505 510 Met Gly Leu Ile Asp Lys Lys Thr Met Leu Glu Val Glu Arg Ala Leu 515 520 525 His Lys Ile Asp Pro Thr Ile Ile Leu Tyr Gly Glu Pro Trp Gly Gly 530 535 540 Trp Gly Ala Pro Ile Arg Phe Gly Lys Ser Asp Val Ala Gly Thr His 545 550 555 560 Val Ala Ala Phe Asn Asp Glu Phe Arg Asp Ala Ile Arg Gly Ser Val 565 570 575 Phe Asn Pro Ser Val Lys Gly Phe Val Met Gly Gly Tyr Gly Lys Glu 580 585 590 Thr Lys Ile Lys Arg Gly Val Val Gly Ser Ile Asn Tyr Asp Gly Lys 595 600 605 Leu Ile Lys Ser Phe Ala Leu Asp Pro Glu Glu Thr Ile Asn Tyr Ala 610 615 620 Ala Cys His Asp Asn His Thr Leu Trp Asp Lys Asn Tyr Leu Ala Ala 625 630 635 640 Lys Ala Asp Lys Lys Lys Glu Trp Thr Glu Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ala 645 650 655 Gln Lys Leu Ala Gly Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Phe 660 665 670 Leu His Gly Gly Gln Asp Phe Cys Arg Thr Thr Asn Phe Asn Asp Asn 675 680 685 Ser Tyr Asn Ala Pro Ile Ser Ile Asn Gly Phe Asp Tyr Glu Arg Lys 690 695 700 Leu Gln Phe Ile Asp Val Phe Asn Tyr His Lys Gly Leu Ile Lys Leu 705 710 715 720 Arg Lys Glu His Pro Ala Phe Arg Leu Lys Asn Ala Glu Glu Ile Lys 725 730 735 Lys His Leu Glu Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Arg Arg Ile Val Ala Phe Met 740 745 750 Leu Lys Asp His Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro Trp Lys Asp Ile Val Val Ile 755 760 765 Tyr Asn Gly Asn Leu Glu Lys Thr Thr Tyr Lys Leu Pro Glu Gly Lys 770 775 780 Trp Asn Val Val Val Asn Ser Gln Lys Ala Gly Thr Glu Val Ile Glu 785 790 795 800 Thr Val Glu Gly Thr Ile Glu Leu Asp Pro Leu Ser Ala Tyr Val Leu 805 810 815 Tyr Arg Glu Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 820 825 25 2478 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 25 atgagggtgt tgctcgttgc cctcgctctc ctggctctcg ctgcgagcgc caccagcgct 60 ggccactggt acaagcacca gcgcgcctac cagttcaccg gcgaggacga cttcgggaag 120 gtggccgtgg tgaagctccc gatggacctc accaaggtgg gcatcatcgt gcgcctcaac 180 gagtggcagg cgaaggacgt ggccaaggac cgcttcatcg agatcaagga cggcaaggcc 240 gaggtgtgga tactccaggg cgtggaggag atcttctacg agaagccgga cacctccccg 300 cgcatcttct tcgcccaggc ccgctccaac aaggtgatcg aggccttcct caccaacccg 360 gtggacacca agaagaagga gctgttcaag gtgaccgtcg acggcaagga gatcccggtg 420 tcccgcgtgg agaaggccga cccgaccgac atcgacgtga ccaactacgt gcgcatcgtg 480 ctctccgagt ccctcaagga ggaggacctc cgcaaggacg tggagctgat catcgagggc 540 tacaagccgg cccgcgtgat catgatggag atcctcgacg actactacta cgacggcgag 600 ctgggggcgg tgtactcccc ggagaagacc atcttccgcg tgtggtcccc ggtgtccaag 660 tgggtgaagg tgctcctctt caagaacggc gaggacaccg agccgtacca ggtggtgaac 720 atggagtaca agggcaacgg cgtgtgggag gccgtggtgg agggcgacct cgacggcgtg 780 ttctacctct accagctgga gaactacggc aagatccgca ccaccgtgga cccgtactcc 840 aaggccgtgt acgccaacaa ccaggagtct gcagtggtga acctcgcccg caccaacccg 900 gagggctggg agaacgaccg cggcccgaag atcgagggct acgaggacgc catcatctac 960 gagatccaca tcgccgacat caccggcctg gagaactccg gcgtgaagaa caagggcctc 1020 tacctcggcc tcaccgagga gaacaccaag gccccgggcg gcgtgaccac cggcctctcc 1080 cacctcgtgg agctgggcgt gacccacgtg cacatcctcc cgttcttcga cttctacacc 1140 ggcgacgagc tggacaagga cttcgagaag tactacaact ggggctacga cccgtacctc 1200 ttcatggtgc cggagggccg ctactccacc gacccgaaga acccgcacac ccgaattcgc 1260 gaggtgaagg agatggtgaa ggccctccac aagcacggca tcggcgtgat catggacatg 1320 gtgttcccgc acacctacgg catcggcgag ctgtccgcct tcgaccagac cgtgccgtac 1380 tacttctacc gcatcgacaa gaccggcgcc tacctcaacg agtccggctg cggcaacgtg 1440 atcgcctccg agcgcccgat gatgcgcaag ttcatcgtgg acaccgtgac ctactgggtg 1500 aaggagtacc acatcgacgg cttccgcttc gaccagatgg gcctcatcga caagaagacc 1560 atgctggagg tggagcgcgc cctccacaag atcgacccga ccatcatcct ctacggcgag 1620 ccgtggggcg gctggggggc cccgatccgc ttcggcaagt ccgacgtggc cggcacccac 1680 gtggccgcct tcaacgacga gttccgcgac gccatccgcg gctccgtgtt caacccgtcc 1740 gtgaagggct tcgtgatggg cggctacggc aaggagacca agatcaagcg cggcgtggtg 1800 ggctccatca actacgacgg caagctcatc aagtccttcg ccctcgaccc ggaggagacc 1860 atcaactacg ccgcctgcca cgacaaccac accctctggg acaagaacta cctcgccgcc 1920 aaggccgaca agaagaagga gtggaccgag gaggagctga agaacgccca gaagctcgcc 1980 ggcgccatcc tcctcactag tcagggcgtg ccgttcctcc acggcggcca ggacttctgc 2040 cgcaccacca acttcaacga caactcctac aacgccccga tctccatcaa cggcttcgac 2100 tacgagcgca agctccagtt catcgacgtg ttcaactacc acaagggcct catcaagctc 2160 cgcaaggagc acccggcctt ccgcctcaag aacgccgagg agatcaagaa gcacctggag 2220 ttcctcccgg gcgggcgccg catcgtggcc ttcatgctca aggaccacgc cggcggcgac 2280 ccgtggaagg acatcgtggt gatctacaac ggcaacctgg agaagaccac ctacaagctc 2340 ccggagggca agtggaacgt ggtggtgaac tcccagaagg ccggcaccga ggtgatcgag 2400 accgtggagg gcaccatcga gctggacccg ctctccgcct acgtgctcta ccgcgagtcc 2460 gagaaggacg agctgtga 2478 26 718 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 26 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Glu Thr Ile Lys Ile Tyr Glu Asn Lys Gly Val Tyr 20 25 30 Lys Val Val Ile Gly Glu Pro Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Phe Pro Leu Glu 35 40 45 Gln Lys Ile Ser Ser Asn Lys Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Gly Leu Thr Ile 50 55 60 Val Gln Gln Gly Asn Lys Val Ile Val Glu Lys Ser Leu Asp Leu Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu His Ile Ile Gly Leu Gly Glu Lys Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Lys 85 90 95 Arg Lys Arg Tyr Val Met Tyr Asn Val Asp Ala Gly Ala Tyr Lys Lys 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Pro Leu Tyr Val Ser Ile Pro Leu Phe Ile Ser Val Lys 115 120 125 Asp Gly Val Ala Thr Gly Tyr Phe Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ile 130 135 140 Phe Asp Val Gly Leu Glu Glu Tyr Asp Lys Val Ile Val Thr Ile Pro 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Ser Val Glu Phe Tyr Val Ile Glu Gly Pro Arg Ile Glu Asp 165 170 175 Val Leu Glu Lys Tyr Thr Glu Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Phe Leu Pro Pro 180 185 190 Met Trp Ala Phe Gly Tyr Met Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Tyr Tyr Pro Gln 195 200 205 Asp Lys Val Val Glu Leu Val Asp Ile Met Gln Lys Glu Gly Phe Arg 210 215 220 Val Ala Gly Val Phe Leu Asp Ile His Tyr Met Asp Ser Tyr Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Phe Thr Trp His Pro Tyr Arg Phe Pro Glu Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Asp 245 250 255 Glu Leu His Lys Arg Asn Val Lys Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp His Gly 260 265 270 Ile Arg Val Asp Gln Asn Tyr Ser Pro Phe Leu Ser Gly Met Gly Lys 275 280 285 Phe Cys Glu Ile Glu Ser Gly Glu Leu Phe Val Gly Lys Met Trp Pro 290 295 300 Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Pro Asp Phe Phe Arg Glu Asp Thr Arg Glu Trp 305 310 315 320 Trp Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Glu Trp Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Asp Gly Ile 325 330 335 Trp Leu Asp Met Asn Glu Pro Thr Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Ile Glu Ile 340 345 350 Arg Asp Val Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Val Gln Phe Arg Asp Asp Arg Leu 355 360 365 Val Thr Thr Phe Pro Asp Asn Val Val His Tyr Leu Arg Gly Lys Arg 370 375 380 Val Lys His Glu Lys Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Glu Ala Met 385 390 395 400 Ala Thr Phe Lys Gly Phe Arg Thr Ser His Arg Asn Glu Ile Phe Ile 405 410 415 Leu Ser Arg Ala Gly Tyr Ala Gly Ile Gln Arg Tyr Ala Phe Ile Trp 420 425 430 Thr Gly Asp Asn Thr Pro Ser Trp Asp Asp Leu Lys Leu Gln Leu Gln 435 440 445 Leu Val Leu Gly Leu Ser Ile Ser Gly Val Pro Phe Val Gly Cys Asp 450 455 460 Ile Gly Gly Phe Gln Gly Arg Asn Phe Ala Glu Ile Asp Asn Ser Met 465 470 475 480 Asp Leu Leu Val Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Phe Pro Phe Tyr 485 490 495 Arg Ser His Lys Ala Thr Asp Gly Ile Asp Thr Glu Pro Val Phe Leu 500 505 510 Pro Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Glu Lys Val Lys Glu Ile Val Glu Leu Arg Tyr 515 520 525 Lys Phe Leu Pro Tyr Ile Tyr Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Ala Ser Glu Lys 530 535 540 Gly His Pro Val Ile Arg Pro Leu Phe Tyr Glu Phe Gln Asp Asp Asp 545 550 555 560 Asp Met Tyr Arg Ile Glu Asp Glu Tyr Met Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Leu 565 570 575 Tyr Ala Pro Ile Val Ser Lys Glu Glu Ser Arg Leu Val Thr Leu Pro 580 585 590 Arg Gly Lys Trp Tyr Asn Tyr Trp Asn Gly Glu Ile Ile Asn Gly Lys 595 600 605 Ser Val Val Lys Ser Thr His Glu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Leu Arg Glu Gly 610 615 620 Ser Ile Ile Pro Leu Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Gly Glu Thr 625 630 635 640 Ser Phe Lys Arg Tyr Asp Asn Ala Glu Ile Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Glu 645 650 655 Ile Lys Phe Ser Arg Glu Ile Tyr Val Ser Lys Leu Thr Ile Thr Ser 660 665 670 Glu Lys Pro Val Ser Lys Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Ser Lys Glu Ile Gln 675 680 685 Val Glu Lys Thr Met Gln Asn Thr Tyr Val Ala Lys Ile Asn Gln Lys 690 695 700 Ile Arg Gly Lys Ile Asn Leu Glu Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 705 710 715 27 712 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 27 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Glu Thr Ile Lys Ile Tyr Glu Asn Lys Gly Val Tyr 20 25 30 Lys Val Val Ile Gly Glu Pro Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Phe Pro Leu Glu 35 40 45 Gln Lys Ile Ser Ser Asn Lys Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Gly Leu Thr Ile 50 55 60 Val Gln Gln Gly Asn Lys Val Ile Val Glu Lys Ser Leu Asp Leu Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu His Ile Ile Gly Leu Gly Glu Lys Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Lys 85 90 95 Arg Lys Arg Tyr Val Met Tyr Asn Val Asp Ala Gly Ala Tyr Lys Lys 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Pro Leu Tyr Val Ser Ile Pro Leu Phe Ile Ser Val Lys 115 120 125 Asp Gly Val Ala Thr Gly Tyr Phe Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ile 130 135 140 Phe Asp Val Gly Leu Glu Glu Tyr Asp Lys Val Ile Val Thr Ile Pro 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Ser Val Glu Phe Tyr Val Ile Glu Gly Pro Arg Ile Glu Asp 165 170 175 Val Leu Glu Lys Tyr Thr Glu Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Phe Leu Pro Pro 180 185 190 Met Trp Ala Phe Gly Tyr Met Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Tyr Tyr Pro Gln 195 200 205 Asp Lys Val Val Glu Leu Val Asp Ile Met Gln Lys Glu Gly Phe Arg 210 215 220 Val Ala Gly Val Phe Leu Asp Ile His Tyr Met Asp Ser Tyr Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Phe Thr Trp His Pro Tyr Arg Phe Pro Glu Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Asp 245 250 255 Glu Leu His Lys Arg Asn Val Lys Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp His Gly 260 265 270 Ile Arg Val Asp Gln Asn Tyr Ser Pro Phe Leu Ser Gly Met Gly Lys 275 280 285 Phe Cys Glu Ile Glu Ser Gly Glu Leu Phe Val Gly Lys Met Trp Pro 290 295 300 Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Pro Asp Phe Phe Arg Glu Asp Thr Arg Glu Trp 305 310 315 320 Trp Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Glu Trp Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Asp Gly Ile 325 330 335 Trp Leu Asp Met Asn Glu Pro Thr Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Ile Glu Ile 340 345 350 Arg Asp Val Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Val Gln Phe Arg Asp Asp Arg Leu 355 360 365 Val Thr Thr Phe Pro Asp Asn Val Val His Tyr Leu Arg Gly Lys Arg 370 375 380 Val Lys His Glu Lys Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Glu Ala Met 385 390 395 400 Ala Thr Phe Lys Gly Phe Arg Thr Ser His Arg Asn Glu Ile Phe Ile 405 410 415 Leu Ser Arg Ala Gly Tyr Ala Gly Ile Gln Arg Tyr Ala Phe Ile Trp 420 425 430 Thr Gly Asp Asn Thr Pro Ser Trp Asp Asp Leu Lys Leu Gln Leu Gln 435 440 445 Leu Val Leu Gly Leu Ser Ile Ser Gly Val Pro Phe Val Gly Cys Asp 450 455 460 Ile Gly Gly Phe Gln Gly Arg Asn Phe Ala Glu Ile Asp Asn Ser Met 465 470 475 480 Asp Leu Leu Val Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Phe Pro Phe Tyr 485 490 495 Arg Ser His Lys Ala Thr Asp Gly Ile Asp Thr Glu Pro Val Phe Leu 500 505 510 Pro Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Glu Lys Val Lys Glu Ile Val Glu Leu Arg Tyr 515 520 525 Lys Phe Leu Pro Tyr Ile Tyr Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Ala Ser Glu Lys 530 535 540 Gly His Pro Val Ile Arg Pro Leu Phe Tyr Glu Phe Gln Asp Asp Asp 545 550 555 560 Asp Met Tyr Arg Ile Glu Asp Glu Tyr Met Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Leu 565 570 575 Tyr Ala Pro Ile Val Ser Lys Glu Glu Ser Arg Leu Val Thr Leu Pro 580 585 590 Arg Gly Lys Trp Tyr Asn Tyr Trp Asn Gly Glu Ile Ile Asn Gly Lys 595 600 605 Ser Val Val Lys Ser Thr His Glu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Leu Arg Glu Gly 610 615 620 Ser Ile Ile Pro Leu Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Gly Glu Thr 625 630 635 640 Ser Phe Lys Arg Tyr Asp Asn Ala Glu Ile Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Glu 645 650 655 Ile Lys Phe Ser Arg Glu Ile Tyr Val Ser Lys Leu Thr Ile Thr Ser 660 665 670 Glu Lys Pro Val Ser Lys Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Ser Lys Glu Ile Gln 675 680 685 Val Glu Lys Thr Met Gln Asn Thr Tyr Val Ala Lys Ile Asn Gln Lys 690 695 700 Ile Arg Gly Lys Ile Asn Leu Glu 705 710 28 469 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 28 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Ile Gln Phe 20 25 30 Glu Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Arg Phe Tyr Asp Pro 35 40 45 Asn Glu Val Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser 50 55 60 Val Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Asp Pro Thr Ala Glu Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Pro Met Asp 85 90 95 Lys Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu 100 105 110 Asn Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly 115 120 125 Lys Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg 130 135 140 Ile Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr 165 170 175 Cys Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala 180 185 190 Leu Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly 195 200 205 Gly Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Glu 210 215 220 Leu Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys 225 230 235 240 Lys Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu 245 250 255 Pro Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe 260 265 270 Leu Lys Asn His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala 275 280 285 Asn His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met 290 295 300 Ala Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 Leu Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Ile Tyr Asp 325 330 335 Thr Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys 340 345 350 Gly Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val 355 360 365 Glu Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu 370 375 380 Gly Phe Lys Ile Ala Tyr Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Gly Val Phe Asp Lys 385 390 395 400 Phe Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Lys Glu Gly Ile Gly Lys Glu 405 410 415 Ile Val Glu Gly Lys Thr Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile 420 425 430 Asp Lys Glu Asp Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu 435 440 445 Ser Leu Leu Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Ala Glu Leu Arg Ser 450 455 460 Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 465 29 469 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 29 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Val Gln Phe 20 25 30 Glu Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Pro 35 40 45 Glu Glu Ile Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser 50 55 60 Val Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Asp Pro Thr Ala Asp Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Tyr Thr Asp Pro Met Asp 85 90 95 Lys Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu 100 105 110 Asn Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly 115 120 125 Lys Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg 130 135 140 Ile Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr 165 170 175 Cys Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala 180 185 190 Leu Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly 195 200 205 Gly Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Phe Glu 210 215 220 Leu Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Asp Tyr Ala Lys 225 230 235 240 Arg Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu 245 250 255 Pro Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe 260 265 270 Leu Lys Ser His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala 275 280 285 Asn His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met 290 295 300 Ala Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 Leu Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr Asp 325 330 335 Thr Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys 340 345 350 Gly Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val 355 360 365 Glu Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu 370 375 380 Gly Phe Lys Val Ala Tyr Lys Leu Val Lys Asp Gly Val Leu Asp Lys 385 390 395 400 Phe Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Arg Glu Gly Ile Gly Arg Asp 405 410 415 Ile Val Glu Gly Lys Val Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile 420 425 430 Asp Lys Glu Thr Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu 435 440 445 Ser Leu Ile Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg Ser 450 455 460 Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 465 30 463 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 30 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Val Gln Phe 20 25 30 Glu Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Pro 35 40 45 Glu Glu Ile Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser 50 55 60 Val Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Asp Pro Thr Ala Asp Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Tyr Thr Asp Pro Met Asp 85 90 95 Lys Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu 100 105 110 Asn Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly 115 120 125 Lys Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg 130 135 140 Ile Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr 145 150 155 160 Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr 165 170 175 Cys Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala 180 185 190 Leu Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly 195 200 205 Gly Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Phe Glu 210 215 220 Leu Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Asp Tyr Ala Lys 225 230 235 240 Arg Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu 245 250 255 Pro Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe 260 265 270 Leu Lys Ser His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala 275 280 285 Asn His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met 290 295 300 Ala Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp 305 310 315 320 Leu Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr Asp 325 330 335 Thr Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys 340 345 350 Gly Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val 355 360 365 Glu Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu 370 375 380 Gly Phe Lys Val Ala Tyr Lys Leu Val Lys Asp Gly Val Leu Asp Lys 385 390 395 400 Phe Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Arg Glu Gly Ile Gly Arg Asp 405 410 415 Ile Val Glu Gly Lys Val Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile 420 425 430 Asp Lys Glu Thr Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu 435 440 445 Ser Leu Ile Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg 450 455 460 31 25 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 31 Met Gly Lys Asn Gly Asn Leu Cys Cys Phe Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ala Gly Leu Ala Ser Gly His Gln 20 25 32 30 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 32 Met Gly Phe Val Leu Phe Ser Gln Leu Pro Ser Phe Leu Leu Val Ser 1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Val Ile Ser His Ser Cys Arg Ala 20 25 30 33 460 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 33 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met 20 25 30 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr 35 40 45 Ile Arg Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile 50 55 60 Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly 85 90 95 Thr Val Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile 100 105 110 Asn Thr Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile 115 120 125 Asn His Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Thr Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Asn Tyr Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly 165 170 175 Thr Phe Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser 195 200 205 Ile Gly Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala 210 215 220 Trp Val Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly 225 230 235 240 Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Ser Gly Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala 260 265 270 Ala Phe Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn 275 280 285 Gly Gly Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val 290 295 300 Ala Asn His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala 305 310 315 320 Phe Ile Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr 325 330 335 Glu Glu Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His 340 345 350 Asp Asn Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp 355 360 365 Glu Met Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val 385 390 395 400 Pro Lys Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly 405 410 415 Gly Trp Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu 420 425 430 Ala Pro Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp 435 440 445 Ser Tyr Cys Gly Val Gly Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 450 455 460 34 825 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 34 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Gly His Trp Tyr Lys His Gln Arg Ala Tyr Gln Phe 20 25 30 Thr Gly Glu Asp Asp Phe Gly Lys Val Ala Val Val Lys Leu Pro Met 35 40 45 Asp Leu Thr Lys Val Gly Ile Ile Val Arg Leu Asn Glu Trp Gln Ala 50 55 60 Lys Asp Val Ala Lys Asp Arg Phe Ile Glu Ile Lys Asp Gly Lys Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Val Trp Ile Leu Gln Gly Val Glu Glu Ile Phe Tyr Glu Lys Pro 85 90 95 Asp Thr Ser Pro Arg Ile Phe Phe Ala Gln Ala Arg Ser Asn Lys Val 100 105 110 Ile Glu Ala Phe Leu Thr Asn Pro Val Asp Thr Lys Lys Lys Glu Leu 115 120 125 Phe Lys Val Thr Val Asp Gly Lys Glu Ile Pro Val Ser Arg Val Glu 130 135 140 Lys Ala Asp Pro Thr Asp Ile Asp Val Thr Asn Tyr Val Arg Ile Val 145 150 155 160 Leu Ser Glu Ser Leu Lys Glu Glu Asp Leu Arg Lys Asp Val Glu Leu 165 170 175 Ile Ile Glu Gly Tyr Lys Pro Ala Arg Val Ile Met Met Glu Ile Leu 180 185 190 Asp Asp Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Gly Glu Leu Gly Ala Val Tyr Ser Pro Glu 195 200 205 Lys Thr Ile Phe Arg Val Trp Ser Pro Val Ser Lys Trp Val Lys Val 210 215 220 Leu Leu Phe Lys Asn Gly Glu Asp Thr Glu Pro Tyr Gln Val Val Asn 225 230 235 240 Met Glu Tyr Lys Gly Asn Gly Val Trp Glu Ala Val Val Glu Gly Asp 245 250 255 Leu Asp Gly Val Phe Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Leu Glu Asn Tyr Gly Lys Ile 260 265 270 Arg Thr Thr Val Asp Pro Tyr Ser Lys Ala Val Tyr Ala Asn Asn Gln 275 280 285 Glu Ser Ala Val Val Asn Leu Ala Arg Thr Asn Pro Glu Gly Trp Glu 290 295 300 Asn Asp Arg Gly Pro Lys Ile Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Ala Ile Ile Tyr 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile His Ile Ala Asp Ile Thr Gly Leu Glu Asn Ser Gly Val Lys 325 330 335 Asn Lys Gly Leu Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Glu Glu Asn Thr Lys Ala Pro 340 345 350 Gly Gly Val Thr Thr Gly Leu Ser His Leu Val Glu Leu Gly Val Thr 355 360 365 His Val His Ile Leu Pro Phe Phe Asp Phe Tyr Thr Gly Asp Glu Leu 370 375 380 Asp Lys Asp Phe Glu Lys Tyr Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Leu 385 390 395 400 Phe Met Val Pro Glu Gly Arg Tyr Ser Thr Asp Pro Lys Asn Pro His 405 410 415 Thr Arg Ile Arg Glu Val Lys Glu Met Val Lys Ala Leu His Lys His 420 425 430 Gly Ile Gly Val Ile Met Asp Met Val Phe Pro His Thr Tyr Gly Ile 435 440 445 Gly Glu Leu Ser Ala Phe Asp Gln Thr Val Pro Tyr Tyr Phe Tyr Arg 450 455 460 Ile Asp Lys Thr Gly Ala Tyr Leu Asn Glu Ser Gly Cys Gly Asn Val 465 470 475 480 Ile Ala Ser Glu Arg Pro Met Met Arg Lys Phe Ile Val Asp Thr Val 485 490 495 Thr Tyr Trp Val Lys Glu Tyr His Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Gln 500 505 510 Met Gly Leu Ile Asp Lys Lys Thr Met Leu Glu Val Glu Arg Ala Leu 515 520 525 His Lys Ile Asp Pro Thr Ile Ile Leu Tyr Gly Glu Pro Trp Gly Gly 530 535 540 Trp Gly Ala Pro Ile Arg Phe Gly Lys Ser Asp Val Ala Gly Thr His 545 550 555 560 Val Ala Ala Phe Asn Asp Glu Phe Arg Asp Ala Ile Arg Gly Ser Val 565 570 575 Phe Asn Pro Ser Val Lys Gly Phe Val Met Gly Gly Tyr Gly Lys Glu 580 585 590 Thr Lys Ile Lys Arg Gly Val Val Gly Ser Ile Asn Tyr Asp Gly Lys 595 600 605 Leu Ile Lys Ser Phe Ala Leu Asp Pro Glu Glu Thr Ile Asn Tyr Ala 610 615 620 Ala Cys His Asp Asn His Thr Leu Trp Asp Lys Asn Tyr Leu Ala Ala 625 630 635 640 Lys Ala Asp Lys Lys Lys Glu Trp Thr Glu Glu Glu Leu Lys Asn Ala 645 650 655 Gln Lys Leu Ala Gly Ala Ile Leu Leu Thr Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Phe 660 665 670 Leu His Gly Gly Gln Asp Phe Cys Arg Thr Thr Asn Phe Asn Asp Asn 675 680 685 Ser Tyr Asn Ala Pro Ile Ser Ile Asn Gly Phe Asp Tyr Glu Arg Lys 690 695 700 Leu Gln Phe Ile Asp Val Phe Asn Tyr His Lys Gly Leu Ile Lys Leu 705 710 715 720 Arg Lys Glu His Pro Ala Phe Arg Leu Lys Asn Ala Glu Glu Ile Lys 725 730 735 Lys His Leu Glu Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Arg Arg Ile Val Ala Phe Met 740 745 750 Leu Lys Asp His Ala Gly Gly Asp Pro Trp Lys Asp Ile Val Val Ile 755 760 765 Tyr Asn Gly Asn Leu Glu Lys Thr Thr Tyr Lys Leu Pro Glu Gly Lys 770 775 780 Trp Asn Val Val Val Asn Ser Gln Lys Ala Gly Thr Glu Val Ile Glu 785 790 795 800 Thr Val Glu Gly Thr Ile Glu Leu Asp Pro Leu Ser Ala Tyr Val Leu 805 810 815 Tyr Arg Glu Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 820 825 35 460 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 35 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Ala Lys Tyr Leu Glu Leu Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Ile Met 20 25 30 Gln Ala Phe Tyr Trp Asp Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Trp Asp Thr 35 40 45 Ile Arg Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Trp Tyr Asp Ala Gly Ile Ser Ala Ile 50 55 60 Trp Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Lys Gly Met Ser Gly Gly Tyr Ser Met Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Asp Pro Tyr Asp Tyr Phe Asp Leu Gly Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Lys Gly 85 90 95 Thr Val Glu Thr Arg Phe Gly Ser Lys Gln Glu Leu Ile Asn Met Ile 100 105 110 Asn Thr Ala His Ala Tyr Gly Ile Lys Val Ile Ala Asp Ile Val Ile 115 120 125 Asn His Arg Ala Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Trp Asn Pro Phe Val Gly Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Thr Trp Thr Asp Phe Ser Lys Val Ala Ser Gly Lys Tyr Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Asn Tyr Leu Asp Phe His Pro Asn Glu Leu His Ala Gly Asp Ser Gly 165 170 175 Thr Phe Gly Gly Tyr Pro Asp Ile Cys His Asp Lys Ser Trp Asp Gln 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Trp Ala Ser Gln Glu Ser Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Leu Arg Ser 195 200 205 Ile Gly Ile Asp Ala Trp Arg Phe Asp Tyr Val Lys Gly Tyr Gly Ala 210 215 220 Trp Val Val Lys Asp Trp Leu Asn Trp Trp Gly Gly Trp Ala Val Gly 225 230 235 240 Glu Tyr Trp Asp Thr Asn Val Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Trp Ala Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Ser Gly Ala Lys Val Phe Asp Phe Pro Leu Tyr Tyr Lys Met Asp Ala 260 265 270 Ala Phe Asp Asn Lys Asn Ile Pro Ala Leu Val Glu Ala Leu Lys Asn 275 280 285 Gly Gly Thr Val Val Ser Arg Asp Pro Phe Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val 290 295 300 Ala Asn His Asp Thr Asp Ile Ile Trp Asn Lys Tyr Pro Ala Tyr Ala 305 310 315 320 Phe Ile Leu Thr Tyr Glu Gly Gln Pro Thr Ile Phe Tyr Arg Asp Tyr 325 330 335 Glu Glu Trp Leu Asn Lys Asp Lys Leu Lys Asn Leu Ile Trp Ile His 340 345 350 Asp Asn Leu Ala Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Ile Val Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Asp 355 360 365 Glu Met Ile Phe Val Arg Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Lys Pro Gly Leu Ile 370 375 380 Thr Tyr Ile Asn Leu Gly Ser Ser Lys Val Gly Arg Trp Val Tyr Val 385 390 395 400 Pro Lys Phe Ala Gly Ala Cys Ile His Glu Tyr Thr Gly Asn Leu Gly 405 410 415 Gly Trp Val Asp Lys Tyr Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Trp Val Tyr Leu Glu 420 425 430 Ala Pro Ala Tyr Asp Pro Ala Asn Gly Gln Tyr Gly Tyr Ser Val Trp 435 440 445 Ser Tyr Cys Gly Val Gly Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 450 455 460 36 718 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 36 Met Arg Val Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Ala Thr Ser Met Glu Thr Ile Lys Ile Tyr Glu Asn Lys Gly Val Tyr 20 25 30 Lys Val Val Ile Gly Glu Pro Phe Pro Pro Ile Glu Phe Pro Leu Glu 35 40 45 Gln Lys Ile Ser Ser Asn Lys Ser Leu Ser Glu Leu Gly Leu Thr Ile 50 55 60 Val Gln Gln Gly Asn Lys Val Ile Val Glu Lys Ser Leu Asp Leu Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu His Ile Ile Gly Leu Gly Glu Lys Ala Phe Glu Leu Asp Arg Lys 85 90 95 Arg Lys Arg Tyr Val Met Tyr Asn Val Asp Ala Gly Ala Tyr Lys Lys 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Pro Leu Tyr Val Ser Ile Pro Leu Phe Ile Ser Val Lys 115 120 125 Asp Gly Val Ala Thr Gly Tyr Phe Phe Asn Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ile 130 135 140 Phe Asp Val Gly Leu Glu Glu Tyr Asp Lys Val Ile Val Thr Ile Pro 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Ser Val Glu Phe Tyr Val Ile Glu Gly Pro Arg Ile Glu Asp 165 170 175 Val Leu Glu Lys Tyr Thr Glu Leu Thr Gly Lys Pro Phe Leu Pro Pro 180 185 190 Met Trp Ala Phe Gly Tyr Met Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Tyr Tyr Pro Gln 195 200 205 Asp Lys Val Val Glu Leu Val Asp Ile Met Gln Lys Glu Gly Phe Arg 210 215 220 Val Ala Gly Val Phe Leu Asp Ile His Tyr Met Asp Ser Tyr Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Phe Thr Trp His Pro Tyr Arg Phe Pro Glu Pro Lys Lys Leu Ile Asp 245 250 255 Glu Leu His Lys Arg Asn Val Lys Leu Ile Thr Ile Val Asp His Gly 260 265 270 Ile Arg Val Asp Gln Asn Tyr Ser Pro Phe Leu Ser Gly Met Gly Lys 275 280 285 Phe Cys Glu Ile Glu Ser Gly Glu Leu Phe Val Gly Lys Met Trp Pro 290 295 300 Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Pro Asp Phe Phe Arg Glu Asp Thr Arg Glu Trp 305 310 315 320 Trp Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Glu Trp Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Asp Gly Ile 325 330 335 Trp Leu Asp Met Asn Glu Pro Thr Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Ile Glu Ile 340 345 350 Arg Asp Val Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Val Gln Phe Arg Asp Asp Arg Leu 355 360 365 Val Thr Thr Phe Pro Asp Asn Val Val His Tyr Leu Arg Gly Lys Arg 370 375 380 Val Lys His Glu Lys Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Glu Ala Met 385 390 395 400 Ala Thr Phe Lys Gly Phe Arg Thr Ser His Arg Asn Glu Ile Phe Ile 405 410 415 Leu Ser Arg Ala Gly Tyr Ala Gly Ile Gln Arg Tyr Ala Phe Ile Trp 420 425 430 Thr Gly Asp Asn Thr Pro Ser Trp Asp Asp Leu Lys Leu Gln Leu Gln 435 440 445 Leu Val Leu Gly Leu Ser Ile Ser Gly Val Pro Phe Val Gly Cys Asp 450 455 460 Ile Gly Gly Phe Gln Gly Arg Asn Phe Ala Glu Ile Asp Asn Ser Met 465 470 475 480 Asp Leu Leu Val Lys Tyr Tyr Ala Leu Ala Leu Phe Phe Pro Phe Tyr 485 490 495 Arg Ser His Lys Ala Thr Asp Gly Ile Asp Thr Glu Pro Val Phe Leu 500 505 510 Pro Asp Tyr Tyr Lys Glu Lys Val Lys Glu Ile Val Glu Leu Arg Tyr 515 520 525 Lys Phe Leu Pro Tyr Ile Tyr Ser Leu Ala Leu Glu Ala Ser Glu Lys 530 535 540 Gly His Pro Val Ile Arg Pro Leu Phe Tyr Glu Phe Gln Asp Asp Asp 545 550 555 560 Asp Met Tyr Arg Ile Glu Asp Glu Tyr Met Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Leu 565 570 575 Tyr Ala Pro Ile Val Ser Lys Glu Glu Ser Arg Leu Val Thr Leu Pro 580 585 590 Arg Gly Lys Trp Tyr Asn Tyr Trp Asn Gly Glu Ile Ile Asn Gly Lys 595 600 605 Ser Val Val Lys Ser Thr His Glu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Leu Arg Glu Gly 610 615 620 Ser Ile Ile Pro Leu Glu Gly Asp Glu Leu Ile Val Tyr Gly Glu Thr 625 630 635 640 Ser Phe Lys Arg Tyr Asp Asn Ala Glu Ile Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Glu 645 650 655 Ile Lys Phe Ser Arg Glu Ile Tyr Val Ser Lys Leu Thr Ile Thr Ser 660 665 670 Glu Lys Pro Val Ser Lys Ile Ile Val Asp Asp Ser Lys Glu Ile Gln 675 680 685 Val Glu Lys Thr Met Gln Asn Thr Tyr Val Ala Lys Ile Asn Gln Lys 690 695 700 Ile Arg Gly Lys Ile Asn Leu Glu Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 705 710 715 37 1434 DNA Thermotoga maritima 37 atgaaagaaa ccgctgctgc taaattcgaa cgccagcaca tggacagccc agatctgggt 60 accctggtgc cacgcggttc catggccgag ttcttcccgg agatcccgaa gatccagttc 120 gagggcaagg agtccaccaa cccgctcgcc ttccgcttct acgacccgaa cgaggtgatc 180 gacggcaagc cgctcaagga ccacctcaag ttctccgtgg ccttctggca caccttcgtg 240 aacgagggcc gcgacccgtt cggcgacccg accgccgagc gcccgtggaa ccgcttctcc 300 gacccgatgg acaaggcctt cgcccgcgtg gacgccctct tcgagttctg cgagaagctc 360 aacatcgagt acttctgctt ccacgaccgc gacatcgccc cggagggcaa gaccctccgc 420 gagaccaaca agatcctcga caaggtggtg gagcgcatca aggagcgcat gaaggactcc 480 aacgtgaagc tcctctgggg caccgccaac ctcttctccc acccgcgcta catgcacggc 540 gccgccacca cctgctccgc cgacgtgttc gcctacgccg ccgcccaggt gaagaaggcc 600 ctggagatca ccaaggagct gggcggcgag ggctacgtgt tctggggcgg ccgcgagggc 660 tacgagaccc tcctcaacac cgacctcggc ctggagctgg agaacctcgc ccgcttcctc 720 cgcatggccg tggagtacgc caagaagatc ggcttcaccg gccagttcct catcgagccg 780 aagccgaagg agccgaccaa gcaccagtac gacttcgacg tggccaccgc ctacgccttc 840 ctcaagaacc acggcctcga cgagtacttc aagttcaaca tcgaggccaa ccacgccacc 900 ctcgccggcc acaccttcca gcacgagctg cgcatggccc gcatcctcgg caagctcggc 960 tccatcgacg ccaaccaggg cgacctcctc ctcggctggg acaccgacca gttcccgacc 1020 aacatctacg acaccaccct cgccatgtac gaggtgatca aggccggcgg cttcaccaag 1080 ggcggcctca acttcgacgc caaggtgcgc cgcgcctcct acaaggtgga ggacctcttc 1140 atcggccaca tcgccggcat ggacaccttc gccctcggct tcaagatcgc ctacaagctc 1200 gccaaggacg gcgtgttcga caagttcatc gaggagaagt accgctcctt caaggagggc 1260 atcggcaagg agatcgtgga gggcaagacc gacttcgaga agctggagga gtacatcatc 1320 gacaaggagg acatcgagct gccgtccggc aagcaggagt acctggagtc cctcctcaac 1380 tcctacatcg tgaagaccat cgccgagctg cgctccgaga aggacgagct gtga 1434 38 477 PRT Thermotoga maritima 38 Met Lys Glu Thr Ala Ala Ala Lys Phe Glu Arg Gln His Met Asp Ser 1 5 10 15 Pro Asp Leu Gly Thr Leu Val Pro Arg Gly Ser Met Ala Glu Phe Phe 20 25 30 Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Ile Gln Phe Glu Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Arg Phe Tyr Asp Pro Asn Glu Val Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro 50 55 60 Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val 65 70 75 80 Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp Pro Thr Ala Glu Arg Pro Trp 85 90 95 Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Pro Met Asp Lys Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala 100 105 110 Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His 115 120 125 Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys 130 135 140 Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg 165 170 175 Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly 195 200 205 Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu 210 215 220 Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Glu Leu Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu 225 230 235 240 Arg Met Ala Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys Lys Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe 245 250 255 Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe 260 265 270 Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Asn His Gly Leu Asp Glu 275 280 285 Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His 290 295 300 Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly 305 310 315 320 Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp 325 330 335 Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Ile Tyr Asp Thr Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val 340 345 350 Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys 355 360 365 Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile 370 375 380 Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly Phe Lys Ile Ala Tyr Lys Leu 385 390 395 400 Ala Lys Asp Gly Val Phe Asp Lys Phe Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser 405 410 415 Phe Lys Glu Gly Ile Gly Lys Glu Ile Val Glu Gly Lys Thr Asp Phe 420 425 430 Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp Lys Glu Asp Ile Glu Leu Pro 435 440 445 Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser Leu Leu Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val 450 455 460 Lys Thr Ile Ala Glu Leu Arg Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 465 470 475 39 1434 DNA Thermotoga neapolitana 39 atgaaagaaa ccgctgctgc taaattcgaa cgccagcaca tggacagccc agatctgggt 60 accctggtgc cacgcggttc catggccgag ttcttcccgg agatcccgaa ggtgcagttc 120 gagggcaagg agtccaccaa cccgctcgcc ttcaagttct acgacccgga ggagatcatc 180 gacggcaagc cgctcaagga ccacctcaag ttctccgtgg ccttctggca caccttcgtg 240 aacgagggcc gcgacccgtt cggcgacccg accgccgacc gcccgtggaa ccgctacacc 300 gacccgatgg acaaggcctt cgcccgcgtg gacgccctct tcgagttctg cgagaagctc 360 aacatcgagt acttctgctt ccacgaccgc gacatcgccc cggagggcaa gaccctccgc 420 gagaccaaca agatcctcga caaggtggtg gagcgcatca aggagcgcat gaaggactcc 480 aacgtgaagc tcctctgggg caccgccaac ctcttctccc acccgcgcta catgcacggc 540 gccgccacca cctgctccgc cgacgtgttc gcctacgccg ccgcccaggt gaagaaggcc 600 ctggagatca ccaaggagct gggcggcgag ggctacgtgt tctggggcgg ccgcgagggc 660 tacgagaccc tcctcaacac cgacctcggc ttcgagctgg agaacctcgc ccgcttcctc 720 cgcatggccg tggactacgc caagcgcatc ggcttcaccg gccagttcct catcgagccg 780 aagccgaagg agccgaccaa gcaccagtac gacttcgacg tggccaccgc ctacgccttc 840 ctcaagtccc acggcctcga cgagtacttc aagttcaaca tcgaggccaa ccacgccacc 900 ctcgccggcc acaccttcca gcacgagctg cgcatggccc gcatcctcgg caagctcggc 960 tccatcgacg ccaaccaggg cgacctcctc ctcggctggg acaccgacca gttcccgacc 1020 aacgtgtacg acaccaccct cgccatgtac gaggtgatca aggccggcgg cttcaccaag 1080 ggcggcctca acttcgacgc caaggtgcgc cgcgcctcct acaaggtgga ggacctcttc 1140 atcggccaca tcgccggcat ggacaccttc gccctcggct tcaaggtggc ctacaagctc 1200 gtgaaggacg gcgtgctcga caagttcatc gaggagaagt accgctcctt ccgcgagggc 1260 atcggccgcg acatcgtgga gggcaaggtg gacttcgaga agctggagga gtacatcatc 1320 gacaaggaga ccatcgagct gccgtccggc aagcaggagt acctggagtc cctcatcaac 1380 tcctacatcg tgaagaccat cctggagctg cgctccgaga aggacgagct gtga 1434 40 477 PRT Thermotoga neapolitana 40 Met Lys Glu Thr Ala Ala Ala Lys Phe Glu Arg Gln His Met Asp Ser 1 5 10 15 Pro Asp Leu Gly Thr Leu Val Pro Arg Gly Ser Met Ala Glu Phe Phe 20 25 30 Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Val Gln Phe Glu Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro 35 40 45 Leu Ala Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Pro Glu Glu Ile Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro 50 55 60 Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val 65 70 75 80 Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp Pro Thr Ala Asp Arg Pro Trp 85 90 95 Asn Arg Tyr Thr Asp Pro Met Asp Lys Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala 100 105 110 Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His 115 120 125 Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys 130 135 140 Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser 145 150 155 160 Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg 165 170 175 Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly 195 200 205 Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu 210 215 220 Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Phe Glu Leu Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu 225 230 235 240 Arg Met Ala Val Asp Tyr Ala Lys Arg Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe 245 250 255 Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe 260 265 270 Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Ser His Gly Leu Asp Glu 275 280 285 Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His 290 295 300 Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly 305 310 315 320 Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp 325 330 335 Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr Asp Thr Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val 340 345 350 Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys 355 360 365 Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile 370 375 380 Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly Phe Lys Val Ala Tyr Lys Leu 385 390 395 400 Val Lys Asp Gly Val Leu Asp Lys Phe Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser 405 410 415 Phe Arg Glu Gly Ile Gly Arg Asp Ile Val Glu Gly Lys Val Asp Phe 420 425 430 Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp Lys Glu Thr Ile Glu Leu Pro 435 440 445 Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser Leu Ile Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val 450 455 460 Lys Thr Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 465 470 475 41 1435 DNA Thermotoga maritima 41 atgggcagca gccatcatca tcatcatcac agcagcggcc tggtgccgcg cggcagccat 60 atggctagca tgactggtgg acagcaaatg ggtcggatcc ccatggccga gttcttcccg 120 gagatcccga agatccagtt cgagggcaag gagtccacca acccgctcgc cttccgcttc 180 tacgacccga acgaggtgat cgacggcaag ccgctcaagg accacctcaa gttctccgtg 240 gccttctggc acaccttcgt gaacgagggc cgcgacccgt tcggcgaccc gaccgccgag 300 cgcccgtgga accgcttctc cgacccgatg gacaaggcct tcgcccgcgt ggacgccctc 360 ttcgagttct gcgagaagct caacatcgag tacttctgct tccacgaccg cgacatcccc 420 cggagggcaa gaccctccgc gagaccaaca agatcctcga caaggtggtg gagcgcatca 480 aggagcgcat gaaggactcc aacgtgaagc tcctctgggg caccgccaac ctcttctccc 540 acccgcgcta catgcacggc gccgccacca cctgctccgc cgacgtgttc gcctacgccg 600 ccgcccaggt gaagaaggcc ctggagatca ccaaggagct gggcggcgag ggctacgtgt 660 tctggggcgg ccgcgagggc tacgagaccc tcctcaacac cgacctcggc ctggagctgg 720 agaacctcgc ccgcttcctc cgcatggccg tggagtacgc caagaagatc ggcttcaccg 780 gccagttcct catcgagccg aagccgaagg agccgaccaa gcaccagtac gcttcgacgt 840 ggccaccgcc tacgccttcc tcaagaacca cggcctcgac gagtacttca agttcaacat 900 cgaggccaac cacgccaccc tcgccggcca caccttccag cacgagctgc gcatggcccg 960 catcctcggc aagctcggct ccatcgacgc caaccagggc gacctcctcc tcggctggga 1020 caccgaccag ttcccgacca acatctacga caccaccctc gccatgtacg aggtgatcaa 1080 ggccggcggc ttcaccaagg gcggcctcaa cttcgacgcc aaggtgcgcc gcgcctccta 1140 caaggtggag gacctcttca tcggccacat cgccggcatg gacaccttcg ccctcggctt 1200 caagatcgcc tacaagctcg ccaaggacgg cgtgttcgac aagttcatcg aggagaagta 1260 ccgctccttc aaggagggca tcggcaagga gatcgtggag ggcaagaccg acttcgagaa 1320 gctggaggag tacatcatcg acaaggagga catcgagctg ccgtccggca agcaggagta 1380 cctggagtcc ctcctcaact cctacatcgt gaagaccatc gccgagctgc gctga 1435 42 478 PRT Thermotoga maritima 42 Met Gly Ser Ser His His His His His His Ser Ser Gly Leu Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Arg Gly Ser His Met Ala Ser Met Thr Gly Gly Gln Gln Met Gly Arg 20 25 30 Ile Pro Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Ile Gln Phe Glu 35 40 45 Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Arg Phe Tyr Asp Pro Asn 50 55 60 Glu Val Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp 85 90 95 Pro Thr Ala Glu Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Phe Ser Asp Pro Met Asp Lys 100 105 110 Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn 115 120 125 Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys 130 135 140 Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile 145 150 155 160 Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala 165 170 175 Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys 180 185 190 Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu 195 200 205 Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly 210 215 220 Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Leu Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Glu Tyr Ala Lys Lys 245 250 255 Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro 260 265 270 Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu 275 280 285 Lys Asn His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn 290 295 300 His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala 305 310 315 320 Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu 325 330 335 Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Ile Tyr Asp Thr 340 345 350 Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly 355 360 365 Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu 370 375 380 Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly 385 390 395 400 Phe Lys Ile Ala Tyr Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Gly Val Phe Asp Lys Phe 405 410 415 Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Lys Glu Gly Ile Gly Lys Glu Ile 420 425 430 Val Glu Gly Lys Thr Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp 435 440 445 Lys Glu Asp Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser 450 455 460 Leu Leu Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Ala Glu Leu Arg 465 470 475 43 1436 DNA Thermotoga neapolitana 43 atgggcagca gccatcatca tcatcatcac agcagcggcc tggtgccgcg cggcagccat 60 atggctagca tgactggtgg acagcaaatg ggtcggatcc ccatggccga gttcttcccg 120 gagatcccga aggtgcagtt cgagggcaag gagtccacca acccgctcgc cttcaagttc 180 tacgacccgg aggagatcat cgacggcaag ccgctcaagg accacctcaa gttctccgtg 240 gccttctggc acaccttcgt gaacgagggc cgcgacccgt tcggcgaccc gaccgccgac 300 cgcccgtgga accgctacac cgacccgatg gacaaggcct tcgcccgcgt ggacgccctc 360 ttcgagttct gcgagaagct caacatcgag tacttctgct tccacgaccg cgacatcccc 420 cggagggcaa gaccctccgc gagaccaaca agatcctcga caaggtggtg gagcgcatca 480 aggagcgcat gaaggactcc aacgtgaagc tcctctgggg caccgccaac ctcttctccc 540 acccgcgcta catgcacggc gccgccacca cctgctccgc cgacgtgttc gcctacgccg 600 ccgcccaggt gaagaaggcc ctggagatca ccaaggagct gggcggcgag ggctacgtgt 660 tctggggcgg ccgcgagggc tacgagaccc tcctcaacac cgacctcggc ttcgagctgg 720 agaacctcgc ccgcttcctc cgcatggccg tggactacgc caagcgcatc ggcttcaccg 780 gccagttcct catcgagccg aagccgaagg agccgaccaa gcaccagtac gacttcgacg 840 tggccaccgc ctacgccttc ctcaagtccc acggcctcga cgagtacttc aagttcaaca 900 tcgaggccaa ccacgccacc ctcgccggcc acaccttcca gcacgagctg cgcatggccc 960 gcatcctcgg caagctcggc tccatcgacg ccaaccaggg cgacctcctc ctcggctggg 1020 acaccgacca gttcccgacc aacgtgtacg acaccaccct cgccatgtac gaggtgatca 1080 aggccggcgg cttcaccaag ggcggcctca acttcgacgc caaggtgcgc cgcgcctcct 1140 acaaggtgga ggacctcttc atcggccaca tcgccggcat ggacaccttc gccctcggct 1200 tcaaggtggc ctacaagctc gtgaaggacg gcgtgctcga caagttcatc gaggagaagt 1260 accgctcctt ccgcgagggc atcggccgcg acatcgtgga gggcaaggtg gacttcgaga 1320 agctggagga gtacatcatc gacaaggaga ccatcgagct gccgtccggc aagcaggagt 1380 acctggagtc cctcatcaac tcctacatcg tgaagaccat cctggagctg cgctga 1436 44 478 PRT Thermotoga neapolitana 44 Met Gly Ser Ser His His His His His His Ser Ser Gly Leu Val Pro 1 5 10 15 Arg Gly Ser His Met Ala Ser Met Thr Gly Gly Gln Gln Met Gly Arg 20 25 30 Ile Pro Met Ala Glu Phe Phe Pro Glu Ile Pro Lys Val Gln Phe Glu 35 40 45 Gly Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Pro Glu 50 55 60 Glu Ile Ile Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp His Leu Lys Phe Ser Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Phe Trp His Thr Phe Val Asn Glu Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp 85 90 95 Pro Thr Ala Asp Arg Pro Trp Asn Arg Tyr Thr Asp Pro Met Asp Lys 100 105 110 Ala Phe Ala Arg Val Asp Ala Leu Phe Glu Phe Cys Glu Lys Leu Asn 115 120 125 Ile Glu Tyr Phe Cys Phe His Asp Arg Asp Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Lys 130 135 140 Thr Leu Arg Glu Thr Asn Lys Ile Leu Asp Lys Val Val Glu Arg Ile 145 150 155 160 Lys Glu Arg Met Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Lys Leu Leu Trp Gly Thr Ala 165 170 175 Asn Leu Phe Ser His Pro Arg Tyr Met His Gly Ala Ala Thr Thr Cys 180 185 190 Ser Ala Asp Val Phe Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Lys Lys Ala Leu 195 200 205 Glu Ile Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Gly Glu Gly Tyr Val Phe Trp Gly Gly 210 215 220 Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Thr Leu Leu Asn Thr Asp Leu Gly Phe Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Phe Leu Arg Met Ala Val Asp Tyr Ala Lys Arg 245 250 255 Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Gln Phe Leu Ile Glu Pro Lys Pro Lys Glu Pro 260 265 270 Thr Lys His Gln Tyr Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Thr Ala Tyr Ala Phe Leu 275 280 285 Lys Ser His Gly Leu Asp Glu Tyr Phe Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Ala Asn 290 295 300 His Ala Thr Leu Ala Gly His Thr Phe Gln His Glu Leu Arg Met Ala 305 310 315 320 Arg Ile Leu Gly Lys Leu Gly Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Gln Gly Asp Leu 325 330 335 Leu Leu Gly Trp Asp Thr Asp Gln Phe Pro Thr Asn Val Tyr Asp Thr 340 345 350 Thr Leu Ala Met Tyr Glu Val Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Phe Thr Lys Gly 355 360 365 Gly Leu Asn Phe Asp Ala Lys Val Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Lys Val Glu 370 375 380 Asp Leu Phe Ile Gly His Ile Ala Gly Met Asp Thr Phe Ala Leu Gly 385 390 395 400 Phe Lys Val Ala Tyr Lys Leu Val Lys Asp Gly Val Leu Asp Lys Phe 405 410 415 Ile Glu Glu Lys Tyr Arg Ser Phe Arg Glu Gly Ile Gly Arg Asp Ile 420 425 430 Val Glu Gly Lys Val Asp Phe Glu Lys Leu Glu Glu Tyr Ile Ile Asp 435 440 445 Lys Glu Thr Ile Glu Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Ser 450 455 460 Leu Ile Asn Ser Tyr Ile Val Lys Thr Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg 465 470 475 45 1095 PRT Aspergillus shirousami 45 Ala Thr Pro Ala Asp Trp Arg Ser Gln Ser Ile Tyr Phe Leu Leu Thr 1 5 10 15 Asp Arg Phe Ala Arg Thr Asp Gly Ser Thr Thr Ala Thr Cys Asn Thr 20 25 30 Ala Asp Gln Lys Tyr Cys Gly Gly Thr Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asp Lys 35 40 45 Leu Asp Tyr Ile Gln Gly Met Gly Phe Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Thr Pro 50 55 60 Val Thr Ala Gln Leu Pro Gln Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gly Asp Ala Tyr His 65 70 75 80 Gly Tyr Trp Gln Gln Asp Ile Tyr Ser Leu Asn Glu Asn Tyr Gly Thr 85 90 95 Ala Asp Asp Leu Lys Ala Leu Ser Ser Ala Leu His Glu Arg Gly Met 100 105 110 Tyr Leu Met Val Asp Val Val Ala Asn His Met Gly Tyr Asp Gly Ala 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ser Val Asp Tyr Ser Val Phe Lys Pro Phe Ser Ser Gln Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Phe His Pro Phe Cys Phe Ile Gln Asn Tyr Glu Asp Gln Thr Gln 145 150 155 160 Val Glu Asp Cys Trp Leu Gly Asp Asn Thr Val Ser Leu Pro Asp Leu 165 170 175 Asp Thr Thr Lys Asp Val Val Lys Asn Glu Trp Tyr Asp Trp Val Gly 180 185 190 Ser Leu Val Ser Asn Tyr Ser Ile Asp Gly Leu Arg Ile Asp Thr Val 195 200 205 Lys His Val Gln Lys Asp Phe Trp Pro Gly Tyr Asn Lys Ala Ala Gly 210 215 220 Val Tyr Cys Ile Gly Glu Val Leu Asp Val Asp Pro Ala Tyr Thr Cys 225 230 235 240 Pro Tyr Gln Asn Val Met Asp Gly Val Leu Asn Tyr Pro Ile Tyr Tyr 245 250 255 Pro Leu Leu Asn Ala Phe Lys Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Met Asp Asp Leu 260 265 270 Tyr Asn Met Ile Asn Thr Val Lys Ser Asp Cys Pro Asp Ser Thr Leu 275 280 285 Leu Gly Thr Phe Val Glu Asn His Asp Asn Pro Arg Phe Ala Ser Tyr 290 295 300 Thr Asn Asp Ile Ala Leu Ala Lys Asn Val Ala Ala Phe Ile Ile Leu 305 310 315 320 Asn Asp Gly Ile Pro Ile Ile Tyr Ala Gly Gln Glu Gln His Tyr Ala 325 330 335 Gly Gly Asn Asp Pro Ala Asn Arg Glu Ala Thr Trp Leu Ser Gly Tyr 340 345 350 Pro Thr Asp Ser Glu Leu Tyr Lys Leu Ile Ala Ser Ala Asn Ala Ile 355 360 365 Arg Asn Tyr Ala Ile Ser Lys Asp Thr Gly Phe Val Thr Tyr Lys Asn 370 375 380 Trp Pro Ile Tyr Lys Asp Asp Thr Thr Ile Ala Met Arg Lys Gly Thr 385 390 395 400 Asp Gly Ser Gln Ile Val Thr Ile Leu Ser Asn Lys Gly Ala Ser Gly 405 410 415 Asp Ser Tyr Thr Leu Ser Leu Ser Gly Ala Gly Tyr Thr Ala Gly Gln 420 425 430 Gln Leu Thr Glu Val Ile Gly Cys Thr Thr Val Thr Val Gly Ser Asp 435 440 445 Gly Asn Val Pro Val Pro Met Ala Gly Gly Leu Pro Arg Val Leu Tyr 450 455 460 Pro Thr Glu Lys Leu Ala Gly Ser Lys Ile Cys Ser Ser Ser Lys Pro 465 470 475 480 Ala Thr Leu Asp Ser Trp Leu Ser Asn Glu Ala Thr Val Ala Arg Thr 485 490 495 Ala Ile Leu Asn Asn Ile Gly Ala Asp Gly Ala Trp Val Ser Gly Ala 500 505 510 Asp Ser Gly Ile Val Val Ala Ser Pro Ser Thr Asp Asn Pro Asp Tyr 515 520 525 Phe Tyr Thr Trp Thr Arg Asp Ser Gly Ile Val Leu Lys Thr Leu Val 530 535 540 Asp Leu Phe Arg Asn Gly Asp Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Thr Ile Glu His 545 550 555 560 Tyr Ile Ser Ser Gln Ala Ile Ile Gln Gly Val Ser Asn Pro Ser Gly 565 570 575 Asp Leu Ser Ser Gly Gly Leu Gly Glu Pro Lys Phe Asn Val Asp Glu 580 585 590 Thr Ala Tyr Ala Gly Ser Trp Gly Arg Pro Gln Arg Asp Gly Pro Ala 595 600 605 Leu Arg Ala Thr Ala Met Ile Gly Phe Gly Gln Trp Leu Leu Asp Asn 610 615 620 Gly Tyr Thr Ser Ala Ala Thr Glu Ile Val Trp Pro Leu Val Arg Asn 625 630 635 640 Asp Leu Ser Tyr Val Ala Gln Tyr Trp Asn Gln Thr Gly Tyr Asp Leu 645 650 655 Trp Glu Glu Val Asn Gly Ser Ser Phe Phe Thr Ile Ala Val Gln His 660 665 670 Arg Ala Leu Val Glu Gly Ser Ala Phe Ala Thr Ala Val Gly Ser Ser 675 680 685 Cys Ser Trp Cys Asp Ser Gln Ala Pro Gln Ile Leu Cys Tyr Leu Gln 690 695 700 Ser Phe Trp Thr Gly Ser Tyr Ile Leu Ala Asn Phe Asp Ser Ser Arg 705 710 715 720 Ser Gly Lys Asp Thr Asn Thr Leu Leu Gly Ser Ile His Thr Phe Asp 725 730 735 Pro Glu Ala Gly Cys Asp Asp Ser Thr Phe Gln Pro Cys Ser Pro Arg 740 745 750 Ala Leu Ala Asn His Lys Glu Val Val Asp Ser Phe Arg Ser Ile Tyr 755 760 765 Thr Leu Asn Asp Gly Leu Ser Asp Ser Glu Ala Val Ala Val Gly Arg 770 775 780 Tyr Pro Glu Asp Ser Tyr Tyr Asn Gly Asn Pro Trp Phe Leu Cys Thr 785 790 795 800 Leu Ala Ala Ala Glu Gln Leu Tyr Asp Ala Leu Tyr Gln Trp Asp Lys 805 810 815 Gln Gly Ser Leu Glu Ile Thr Asp Val Ser Leu Asp Phe Phe Lys Ala 820 825 830 Leu Tyr Ser Gly Ala Ala Thr Gly Thr Tyr Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr 835 840 845 Tyr Ser Ser Ile Val Ser Ala Val Lys Thr Phe Ala Asp Gly Phe Val 850 855 860 Ser Ile Val Glu Thr His Ala Ala Ser Asn Gly Ser Leu Ser Glu Gln 865 870 875 880 Phe Asp Lys Ser Asp Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Ala Arg Asp Leu Thr Trp 885 890 895 Ser Tyr Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Asn Asn Arg Arg Asn Ser Val Val 900 905 910 Pro Pro Ser Trp Gly Glu Thr Ser Ala Ser Ser Val Pro Gly Thr Cys 915 920 925 Ala Ala Thr Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Tyr Ser Ser Val Thr Val Thr Ser 930 935 940 Trp Pro Ser Ile Val Ala Thr Gly Gly Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Thr Thr 945 950 955 960 Thr Gly Ser Gly Gly Val Thr Ser Thr Ser Lys Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala 965 970 975 Ser Lys Thr Ser Thr Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr Ser Cys Thr Thr Pro Thr 980 985 990 Ala Val Ala Val Thr Phe Asp Leu Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Tyr Gly Glu 995 1000 1005 Asn Ile Tyr Leu Val Gly Ser Ile Ser Gln Leu Gly Asp Trp Glu Thr 1010 1015 1020 Ser Asp Gly Ile Ala Leu Ser Ala Asp Lys Tyr Thr Ser Ser Asn Pro 1025 1030 1035 1040 Pro Trp Tyr Val Thr Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Gly Glu Ser Phe Glu Tyr 1045 1050 1055 Lys Phe Ile Arg Val Glu Ser Asp Asp Ser Val Glu Trp Glu Ser Asp 1060 1065 1070 Pro Asn Arg Glu Tyr Thr Val Pro Gln Ala Cys Gly Glu Ser Thr Ala 1075 1080 1085 Thr Val Thr Asp Thr Trp Arg 1090 1095 46 3285 DNA Aspergillus shirousami 46 gccaccccgg ccgactggcg ctcccagtcc atctacttcc tcctcaccga ccgcttcgcc 60 cgcaccgacg gctccaccac cgccacctgc aacaccgccg accagaagta ctgcggcggc 120 acctggcagg gcatcatcga caagctcgac tacatccagg gcatgggctt caccgccatc 180 tggatcaccc cggtgaccgc ccagctcccg cagaccaccg cctacggcga cgcctaccac 240 ggctactggc agcaggacat ctactccctc aacgagaact acggcaccgc cgacgacctc 300 aaggccctct cctccgccct ccacgagcgc ggcatgtacc tcatggtgga cgtggtggcc 360 aaccacatgg gctacgacgg cgccggctcc tccgtggact actccgtgtt caagccgttc 420 tcctcccagg actacttcca cccgttctgc ttcatccaga actacgagga ccagacccag 480 gtggaggact gctggctcgg cgacaacacc gtgtccctcc cggacctcga caccaccaag 540 gacgtggtga agaacgagtg gtacgactgg gtgggctccc tcgtgtccaa ctactccatc 600 gacggcctcc gcatcgacac cgtgaagcac gtgcagaagg acttctggcc gggctacaac 660 aaggccgccg gcgtgtactg catcggcgag gtgctcgacg tggacccggc ctacacctgc 720 ccgtaccaga acgtgatgga cggcgtgctc aactacccga tctactaccc gctcctcaac 780 gccttcaagt ccacctccgg ctcgatggac gacctctaca acatgatcaa caccgtgaag 840 tccgactgcc cggactccac cctcctcggc accttcgtgg agaaccacga caacccgcgc 900 ttcgcctcct acaccaacga catcgccctc gccaagaacg tggccgcctt catcatcctc 960 aacgacggca tcccgatcat ctacgccggc caggagcagc actacgccgg cggcaacgac 1020 ccggccaacc gcgaggccac ctggctctcc ggctacccga ccgactccga gctgtacaag 1080 ctcatcgcct ccgccaacgc catccgcaac tacgccatct ccaaggacac cggcttcgtg 1140 acctacaaga actggccgat ctacaaggac gacaccacca tcgccatgcg caagggcacc 1200 gacggctccc agatcgtgac catcctctcc aacaagggcg cctccggcga ctcctacacc 1260 ctctccctct ccggcgccgg ctacaccgcc ggccagcagc tcaccgaggt gatcggctgc 1320 accaccgtga ccgtgggctc cgacggcaac gtgccggtgc cgatggccgg cggcctcccg 1380 cgcgtgctct acccgaccga gaagctcgcc ggctccaaga tatgctcctc ctccaagccg 1440 gccaccctcg actcctggct ctccaacgag gccaccgtgg cccgcaccgc catcctcaac 1500 aacatcggcg ccgacggcgc ctgggtgtcc ggcgccgact ccggcatcgt ggtggcctcc 1560 ccgtccaccg acaacccgga ctacttctac acctggaccc gcgactccgg catcgtgctc 1620 aagaccctcg tggacctctt ccgcaacggc gacaccgacc tcctctccac catcgagcac 1680 tacatctcct cccaggccat catccagggc gtgtccaacc cgtccggcga cctctcctcc 1740 ggcggcctcg gcgagccgaa gttcaacgtg gacgagaccg cctacgccgg ctcctggggc 1800 cgcccgcagc gcgacggccc ggccctccgc gccaccgcca tgatcggctt cggccagtgg 1860 ctcctcgaca acggctacac ctccgccgcc accgagatcg tgtggccgct cgtgcgcaac 1920 gacctctcct acgtggccca gtactggaac cagaccggct acgacctctg ggaggaggtg 1980 aacggctcct ccttcttcac catcgccgtg cagcaccgcg ccctcgtgga gggctccgcc 2040 ttcgccaccg ccgtgggctc ctcctgctcc tggtgcgact cccaggcccc gcagatcctc 2100 tgctacctcc agtccttctg gaccggctcc tacatcctcg ccaacttcga ctcctcccgc 2160 tccggcaagg acaccaacac cctcctcggc tccatccaca ccttcgaccc ggaggccggc 2220 tgcgacgact ccaccttcca gccgtgctcc ccgcgcgccc tcgccaacca caaggaggtg 2280 gtggactcct tccgctccat ctacaccctc aacgacggcc tctccgactc cgaggccgtg 2340 gccgtgggcc gctacccgga ggactcctac tacaacggca acccgtggtt cctctgcacc 2400 ctcgccgccg ccgagcagct ctacgacgcc ctctaccagt gggacaagca gggctccctg 2460 gagatcaccg acgtgtccct cgacttcttc aaggccctct actccggcgc cgccaccggc 2520 acctactcct cctcctcctc cacctactcc tccatcgtgt ccgccgtgaa gaccttcgcc 2580 gacggcttcg tgtccatcgt ggagacccac gccgcctcca acggctccct ctccgagcag 2640 ttcgacaagt ccgacggcga cgagctgtcc gcccgcgacc tcacctggtc ctacgccgcc 2700 ctcctcaccg ccaacaaccg ccgcaactcc gtggtgccgc cgtcctgggg cgagacctcc 2760 gcctcctccg tgccgggcac ctgcgccgcc acctccgcct ccggcaccta ctcctccgtg 2820 accgtgacct cctggccgtc catcgtggcc accggcggca ccaccaccac cgccaccacc 2880 accggctccg gcggcgtgac ctccacctcc aagaccacca ccaccgcctc caagacctcc 2940 accaccacct cctccacctc ctgcaccacc ccgaccgccg tggccgtgac cttcgacctc 3000 accgccacca ccacctacgg cgagaacatc tacctcgtgg gctccatctc ccagctcggc 3060 gactgggaga cctccgacgg catcgccctc tccgccgaca agtacacctc ctccaacccg 3120 ccgtggtacg tgaccgtgac cctcccggcc ggcgagtcct tcgagtacaa gttcatccgc 3180 gtggagtccg acgactccgt ggagtgggag tccgacccga accgcgagta caccgtgccg 3240 caggcctgcg gcgagtccac cgccaccgtg accgacacct ggcgc 3285 47 679 PRT Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum 47 Val Leu Ser Gly Cys Ser Asn Asn Val Ser Ser Ile Lys Ile Asp Arg 1 5 10 15 Phe Asn Asn Ile Ser Ala Val Asn Gly Pro Gly Glu Glu Asp Thr Trp 20 25 30 Ala Ser Ala Gln Lys Gln Gly Val Gly Thr Ala Asn Asn Tyr Val Ser 35 40 45 Arg Val Trp Phe Thr Leu Ala Asn Gly Ala Ile Ser Glu Val Tyr Tyr 50 55 60 Pro Thr Ile Asp Thr Ala Asp Val Lys Glu Ile Lys Phe Ile Val Thr 65 70 75 80 Asp Gly Lys Ser Phe Val Ser Asp Glu Thr Lys Asp Ala Ile Ser Lys 85 90 95 Val Glu Lys Phe Thr Asp Lys Ser Leu Gly Tyr Lys Leu Val Asn Thr 100 105 110 Asp Lys Lys Gly Arg Tyr Arg Ile Thr Lys Glu Ile Phe Thr Asp Val 115 120 125 Lys Arg Asn Ser Leu Ile Met Lys Ala Lys Phe Glu Ala Leu Glu Gly 130 135 140 Ser Ile His Asp Tyr Lys Leu Tyr Leu Ala Tyr Asp Pro His Ile Lys 145 150 155 160 Asn Gln Gly Ser Tyr Asn Glu Gly Tyr Val Ile Lys Ala Asn Asn Asn 165 170 175 Glu Met Leu Met Ala Lys Arg Asp Asn Val Tyr Thr Ala Leu Ser Ser 180 185 190 Asn Ile Gly Trp Lys Gly Tyr Ser Ile Gly Tyr Tyr Lys Val Asn Asp 195 200 205 Ile Met Thr Asp Leu Asp Glu Asn Lys Gln Met Thr Lys His Tyr Asp 210 215 220 Ser Ala Arg Gly Asn Ile Ile Glu Gly Ala Glu Ile Asp Leu Thr Lys 225 230 235 240 Asn Ser Glu Phe Glu Ile Val Leu Ser Phe Gly Gly Ser Asp Ser Glu 245 250 255 Ala Ala Lys Thr Ala Leu Glu Thr Leu Gly Glu Asp Tyr Asn Asn Leu 260 265 270 Lys Asn Asn Tyr Ile Asp Glu Trp Thr Lys Tyr Cys Asn Thr Leu Asn 275 280 285 Asn Phe Asn Gly Lys Ala Asn Ser Leu Tyr Tyr Asn Ser Met Met Ile 290 295 300 Leu Lys Ala Ser Glu Asp Lys Thr Asn Lys Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ala Ser 305 310 315 320 Leu Ser Ile Pro Trp Gly Asp Gly Gln Arg Asp Asp Asn Thr Gly Gly 325 330 335 Tyr His Leu Val Trp Ser Arg Asp Leu Tyr His Val Ala Asn Ala Phe 340 345 350 Ile Ala Ala Gly Asp Val Asp Ser Ala Asn Arg Ser Leu Asp Tyr Leu 355 360 365 Ala Lys Val Val Lys Asp Asn Gly Met Ile Pro Gln Asn Thr Trp Ile 370 375 380 Ser Gly Lys Pro Tyr Trp Thr Ser Ile Gln Leu Asp Glu Gln Ala Asp 385 390 395 400 Pro Ile Ile Leu Ser Tyr Arg Leu Lys Arg Tyr Asp Leu Tyr Asp Ser 405 410 415 Leu Val Lys Pro Leu Ala Asp Phe Ile Ile Lys Ile Gly Pro Lys Thr 420 425 430 Gly Gln Glu Arg Trp Glu Glu Ile Gly Gly Tyr Ser Pro Ala Thr Met 435 440 445 Ala Ala Glu Val Ala Gly Leu Thr Cys Ala Ala Tyr Ile Ala Glu Gln 450 455 460 Asn Lys Asp Tyr Glu Ser Ala Gln Lys Tyr Gln Glu Lys Ala Asp Asn 465 470 475 480 Trp Gln Lys Leu Ile Asp Asn Leu Thr Tyr Thr Glu Asn Gly Pro Leu 485 490 495 Gly Asn Gly Gln Tyr Tyr Ile Arg Ile Ala Gly Leu Ser Asp Pro Asn 500 505 510 Ala Asp Phe Met Ile Asn Ile Ala Asn Gly Gly Gly Val Tyr Asp Gln 515 520 525 Lys Glu Ile Val Asp Pro Ser Phe Leu Glu Leu Val Arg Leu Gly Val 530 535 540 Lys Ser Ala Asp Asp Pro Lys Ile Leu Asn Thr Leu Lys Val Val Asp 545 550 555 560 Ser Thr Ile Lys Val Asp Thr Pro Lys Gly Pro Ser Trp Tyr Arg Tyr 565 570 575 Asn His Asp Gly Tyr Gly Glu Pro Ser Lys Thr Glu Leu Tyr His Gly 580 585 590 Ala Gly Lys Gly Arg Leu Trp Pro Leu Leu Thr Gly Glu Arg Gly Met 595 600 605 Tyr Glu Ile Ala Ala Gly Lys Asp Ala Thr Pro Tyr Val Lys Ala Met 610 615 620 Glu Lys Phe Ala Asn Glu Gly Gly Ile Ile Ser Glu Gln Val Trp Glu 625 630 635 640 Asp Thr Gly Leu Pro Thr Asp Ser Ala Ser Pro Leu Asn Trp Ala His 645 650 655 Ala Glu Tyr Val Ile Leu Phe Ala Ser Asn Ile Glu His Lys Val Leu 660 665 670 Asp Met Pro Asp Ile Val Tyr 675 48 2037 DNA Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum synthetic 48 gtgctctccg gctgctccaa caacgtgtcc tccatcaaga tcgaccgctt caacaacatc 60 tccgccgtga acggcccggg cgaggaggac acctgggcct ccgcccagaa gcagggcgtg 120 ggcaccgcca acaactacgt gtcccgcgtg tggttcaccc tcgccaacgg cgccatctcc 180 gaggtgtact acccgaccat cgacaccgcc gacgtgaagg agatcaagtt catcgtgacc 240 gacggcaagt ccttcgtgtc cgacgagacc aaggacgcca tctccaaggt ggagaagttc 300 accgacaagt ccctcggcta caagctcgtg aacaccgaca agaagggccg ctaccgcatc 360 accaaggaaa tcttcaccga cgtgaagcgc aactccctca tcatgaaggc caagttcgag 420 gccctcgagg gctccatcca cgactacaag ctctacctcg cctacgaccc gcacatcaag 480 aaccagggct cctacaacga gggctacgtg atcaaggcca acaacaacga gatgctcatg 540 gccaagcgcg acaacgtgta caccgccctc tcctccaaca tcggctggaa gggctactcc 600 atcggctact acaaggtgaa cgacatcatg accgacctcg acgagaacaa gcagatgacc 660 aagcactacg actccgcccg cggcaacatc atcgagggcg ccgagatcga cctcaccaag 720 aactccgagt tcgagatcgt gctctccttc ggcggctccg actccgaggc cgccaagacc 780 gccctcgaga ccctcggcga ggactacaac aacctcaaga acaactacat cgacgagtgg 840 accaagtact gcaacaccct caacaacttc aacggcaagg ccaactccct ctactacaac 900 tccatgatga tcctcaaggc ctccgaggac aagaccaaca agggcgccta catcgcctcc 960 ctctccatcc cgtggggcga cggccagcgc gacgacaaca ccggcggcta ccacctcgtg 1020 tggtcccgcg acctctacca cgtggccaac gccttcatcg ccgccggcga cgtggactcc 1080 gccaaccgct ccctcgacta cctcgccaag gtggtgaagg acaacggcat gatcccgcag 1140 aacacctgga tctccggcaa gccgtactgg acctccatcc agctcgacga gcaggccgac 1200 ccgatcatcc tctcctaccg cctcaagcgc tacgacctct acgactccct cgtgaagccg 1260 ctcgccgact tcatcatcaa gatcggcccg aagaccggcc aggagcgctg ggaggagatc 1320 ggcggctact ccccggccac gatggccgcc gaggtggccg gcctcacctg cgccgcctac 1380 atcgccgagc agaacaagga ctacgagtcc gcccagaagt accaggagaa ggccgacaac 1440 tggcagaagc tcatcgacaa cctcacctac accgagaacg gcccgctcgg caacggccag 1500 tactacatcc gcatcgccgg cctctccgac ccgaacgccg acttcatgat caacatcgcc 1560 aacggcggcg gcgtgtacga ccagaaggag atcgtggacc cgtccttcct cgagctggtg 1620 cgcctcggcg tgaagtccgc cgacgacccg aagatcctca acaccctcaa ggtggtggac 1680 tccaccatca aggtggacac cccgaagggc ccgtcctggt atcgctacaa ccacgacggc 1740 tacggcgagc cgtccaagac cgagctgtac cacggcgccg gcaagggccg cctctggccg 1800 ctcctcaccg gcgagcgcgg catgtacgag atcgccgccg gcaaggacgc caccccgtac 1860 gtgaaggcga tggagaagtt cgccaacgag ggcggcatca tctccgagca ggtgtgggag 1920 gacaccggcc tcccgaccga ctccgcctcc ccgctcaact gggcccacgc cgagtacgtg 1980 atcctcttcg cctccaacat cgagcacaag gtgctcgaca tgccggacat cgtgtac 2037 49 579 PRT Rhizopus oryzae 49 Ala Ser Ile Pro Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Gln Leu Asp Ser Tyr Asn Tyr 1 5 10 15 Asp Gly Ser Thr Phe Ser Gly Lys Ile Tyr Val Lys Asn Ile Ala Tyr 20 25 30 Ser Lys Lys Val Thr Val Ile Tyr Ala Asp Gly Ser Asp Asn Trp Asn 35 40 45 Asn Asn Gly Asn Thr Ile Ala Ala Ser Tyr Ser Ala Pro Ile Ser Gly 50 55 60 Ser Asn Tyr Glu Tyr Trp Thr Phe Ser Ala Ser Ile Asn Gly Ile Lys 65 70 75 80 Glu Phe Tyr Ile Lys Tyr Glu Val Ser Gly Lys Thr Tyr Tyr Asp Asn 85 90 95 Asn Asn Ser Ala Asn Tyr Gln Val Ser Thr Ser Lys Pro Thr Thr Thr 100 105 110 Thr Ala Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Pro Ser Thr Ser Thr Thr Thr 115 120 125 Pro Pro Ser Arg Ser Glu Pro Ala Thr Phe Pro Thr Gly Asn Ser Thr 130 135 140 Ile Ser Ser Trp Ile Lys Lys Gln Glu Gly Ile Ser Arg Phe Ala Met 145 150 155 160 Leu Arg Asn Ile Asn Pro Pro Gly Ser Ala Thr Gly Phe Ile Ala Ala 165 170 175 Ser Leu Ser Thr Ala Gly Pro Asp Tyr Tyr Tyr Ala Trp Thr Arg Asp 180 185 190 Ala Ala Leu Thr Ser Asn Val Ile Val Tyr Glu Tyr Asn Thr Thr Leu 195 200 205 Ser Gly Asn Lys Thr Ile Leu Asn Val Leu Lys Asp Tyr Val Thr Phe 210 215 220 Ser Val Lys Thr Gln Ser Thr Ser Thr Val Cys Asn Cys Leu Gly Glu 225 230 235 240 Pro Lys Phe Asn Pro Asp Ala Ser Gly Tyr Thr Gly Ala Trp Gly Arg 245 250 255 Pro Gln Asn Asp Gly Pro Ala Glu Arg Ala Thr Thr Phe Ile Leu Phe 260 265 270 Ala Asp Ser Tyr Leu Thr Gln Thr Lys Asp Ala Ser Tyr Val Thr Gly 275 280 285 Thr Leu Lys Pro Ala Ile Phe Lys Asp Leu Asp Tyr Val Val Asn Val 290 295 300 Trp Ser Asn Gly Cys Phe Asp Leu Trp Glu Glu Val Asn Gly Val His 305 310 315 320 Phe Tyr Thr Leu Met Val Met Arg Lys Gly Leu Leu Leu Gly Ala Asp 325 330 335 Phe Ala Lys Arg Asn Gly Asp Ser Thr Arg Ala Ser Thr Tyr Ser Ser 340 345 350 Thr Ala Ser Thr Ile Ala Asn Lys Ile Ser Ser Phe Trp Val Ser Ser 355 360 365 Asn Asn Trp Ile Gln Val Ser Gln Ser Val Thr Gly Gly Val Ser Lys 370 375 380 Lys Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Thr Leu Leu Ala Ala Asn Leu Gly Ser Val 385 390 395 400 Asp Asp Gly Phe Phe Thr Pro Gly Ser Glu Lys Ile Leu Ala Thr Ala 405 410 415 Val Ala Val Glu Asp Ser Phe Ala Ser Leu Tyr Pro Ile Asn Lys Asn 420 425 430 Leu Pro Ser Tyr Leu Gly Asn Ser Ile Gly Arg Tyr Pro Glu Asp Thr 435 440 445 Tyr Asn Gly Asn Gly Asn Ser Gln Gly Asn Ser Trp Phe Leu Ala Val 450 455 460 Thr Gly Tyr Ala Glu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Ala Ile Lys Glu Trp Ile Gly 465 470 475 480 Asn Gly Gly Val Thr Val Ser Ser Ile Ser Leu Pro Phe Phe Lys Lys 485 490 495 Phe Asp Ser Ser Ala Thr Ser Gly Lys Lys Tyr Thr Val Gly Thr Ser 500 505 510 Asp Phe Asn Asn Leu Ala Gln Asn Ile Ala Leu Ala Ala Asp Arg Phe 515 520 525 Leu Ser Thr Val Gln Leu His Ala His Asn Asn Gly Ser Leu Ala Glu 530 535 540 Glu Phe Asp Arg Thr Thr Gly Leu Ser Thr Gly Ala Arg Asp Leu Thr 545 550 555 560 Trp Ser His Ala Ser Leu Ile Thr Ala Ser Tyr Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala 565 570 575 Pro Ala Ala 50 1737 DNA Rhizopus oryzae 50 gcctccatcc cgtcctccgc ctccgtgcag ctcgactcct acaactacga cggctccacc 60 ttctccggca aaatctacgt gaagaacatc gcctactcca agaaggtgac cgtgatctac 120 gccgacggct ccgacaactg gaacaacaac ggcaacacca tcgccgcctc ctactccgcc 180 ccgatctccg gctccaacta cgagtactgg accttctccg cctccatcaa cggcatcaag 240 gagttctaca tcaagtacga ggtgtccggc aagacctact acgacaacaa caactccgcc 300 aactaccagg tgtccacctc caagccgacc accaccaccg ccaccgccac caccaccacc 360 gccccgtcca cctccaccac caccccgccg tcccgctccg agccggccac cttcccgacc 420 ggcaactcca ccatctcctc ctggatcaag aagcaggagg gcatctcccg cttcgccatg 480 ctccgcaaca tcaacccgcc gggctccgcc accggcttca tcgccgcctc cctctccacc 540 gccggcccgg actactacta cgcctggacc cgcgacgccg ccctcacctc caacgtgatc 600 gtgtacgagt acaacaccac cctctccggc aacaagacca tcctcaacgt gctcaaggac 660 tacgtgacct tctccgtgaa gacccagtcc acctccaccg tgtgcaactg cctcggcgag 720 ccgaagttca acccggacgc ctccggctac accggcgcct ggggccgccc gcagaacgac 780 ggcccggccg agcgcgccac caccttcatc ctcttcgccg actcctacct cacccagacc 840 aaggacgcct cctacgtgac cggcaccctc aagccggcca tcttcaagga cctcgactac 900 gtggtgaacg tgtggtccaa cggctgcttc gacctctggg aggaggtgaa cggcgtgcac 960 ttctacaccc tcatggtgat gcgcaagggc ctcctcctcg gcgccgactt cgccaagcgc 1020 aacggcgact ccacccgcgc ctccacctac tcctccaccg cctccaccat cgccaacaaa 1080 atctcctcct tctgggtgtc ctccaacaac tggatacagg tgtcccagtc cgtgaccggc 1140 ggcgtgtcca agaagggcct cgacgtgtcc accctcctcg ccgccaacct cggctccgtg 1200 gacgacggct tcttcacccc gggctccgag aagatcctcg ccaccgccgt ggccgtggag 1260 gactccttcg cctccctcta cccgatcaac aagaacctcc cgtcctacct cggcaactcc 1320 atcggccgct acccggagga cacctacaac ggcaacggca actcccaggg caactcctgg 1380 ttcctcgccg tgaccggcta cgccgagctg tactaccgcg ccatcaagga gtggatcggc 1440 aacggcggcg tgaccgtgtc ctccatctcc ctcccgttct tcaagaagtt cgactcctcc 1500 gccacctccg gcaagaagta caccgtgggc acctccgact tcaacaacct cgcccagaac 1560 atcgccctcg ccgccgaccg cttcctctcc accgtgcagc tccacgccca caacaacggc 1620 tccctcgccg aggagttcga ccgcaccacc ggcctctcca ccggcgcccg cgacctcacc 1680 tggtcccacg cctccctcat caccgcctcc tacgccaagg ccggcgcccc ggccgcc 1737 51 439 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 51 Met Ala Lys His Leu Ala Ala Met Cys Trp Cys Ser Leu Leu Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Val Leu Leu Cys Leu Gly Ser Gln Leu Ala Gln Ser Gln Val Leu Phe 20 25 30 Gln Gly Phe Asn Trp Glu Ser Trp Lys Lys Gln Gly Gly Trp Tyr Asn 35 40 45 Tyr Leu Leu Gly Arg Val Asp Asp Ile Ala Ala Thr Gly Ala Thr His 50 55 60 Val Trp Leu Pro Gln Pro Ser His Ser Val Ala Pro Gln Gly Tyr Met 65 70 75 80 Pro Gly Arg Leu Tyr Asp Leu Asp Ala Ser Lys Tyr Gly Thr His Ala 85 90 95 Glu Leu Lys Ser Leu Thr Ala Ala Phe His Ala Lys Gly Val Gln Cys 100 105 110 Val Ala Asp Val Val Ile Asn His Arg Cys Ala Asp Tyr Lys Asp Gly 115 120 125 Arg Gly Ile Tyr Cys Val Phe Glu Gly Gly Thr Pro Asp Ser Arg Leu 130 135 140 Asp Trp Gly Pro Asp Met Ile Cys Ser Asp Asp Thr Gln Tyr Ser Asn 145 150 155 160 Gly Arg Gly His Arg Asp Thr Gly Ala Asp Phe Ala Ala Ala Pro Asp 165 170 175 Ile Asp His Leu Asn Pro Arg Val Gln Gln Glu Leu Ser Asp Trp Leu 180 185 190 Asn Trp Leu Lys Ser Asp Leu Gly Phe Asp Gly Trp Arg Leu Asp Phe 195 200 205 Ala Lys Gly Tyr Ser Ala Ala Val Ala Lys Val Tyr Val Asp Ser Thr 210 215 220 Ala Pro Thr Phe Val Val Ala Glu Ile Trp Ser Ser Leu His Tyr Asp 225 230 235 240 Gly Asn Gly Glu Pro Ser Ser Asn Gln Asp Ala Asp Arg Gln Glu Leu 245 250 255 Val Asn Trp Ala Gln Ala Val Gly Gly Pro Ala Ala Ala Phe Asp Phe 260 265 270 Thr Thr Lys Gly Val Leu Gln Ala Ala Val Gln Gly Glu Leu Trp Arg 275 280 285 Met Lys Asp Gly Asn Gly Lys Ala Pro Gly Met Ile Gly Trp Leu Pro 290 295 300 Glu Lys Ala Val Thr Phe Val Asp Asn His Asp Thr Gly Ser Thr Gln 305 310 315 320 Asn Ser Trp Pro Phe Pro Ser Asp Lys Val Met Gln Gly Tyr Ala Tyr 325 330 335 Ile Leu Thr His Pro Gly Thr Pro Cys Ile Phe Tyr Asp His Val Phe 340 345 350 Asp Trp Asn Leu Lys Gln Glu Ile Ser Ala Leu Ser Ala Val Arg Ser 355 360 365 Arg Asn Gly Ile His Pro Gly Ser Glu Leu Asn Ile Leu Ala Ala Asp 370 375 380 Gly Asp Leu Tyr Val Ala Lys Ile Asp Asp Lys Val Ile Val Lys Ile 385 390 395 400 Gly Ser Arg Tyr Asp Val Gly Asn Leu Ile Pro Ser Asp Phe His Ala 405 410 415 Val Ala His Gly Asn Asn Tyr Cys Val Trp Glu Lys His Gly Leu Arg 420 425 430 Val Pro Ala Gly Arg His His 435 52 1320 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 52 atggcgaagc acttggctgc catgtgctgg tgcagcctcc tagtgcttgt actgctctgc 60 ttgggctccc agctggccca atcccaggtc ctcttccagg ggttcaactg ggagtcgtgg 120 aagaagcaag gtgggtggta caactacctc ctggggcggg tggacgacat cgccgcgacg 180 ggggccacgc acgtctggct cccgcagccg tcgcactcgg tggcgccgca ggggtacatg 240 cccggccggc tctacgacct ggacgcgtcc aagtacggca cccacgcgga gctcaagtcg 300 ctcaccgcgg cgttccacgc caagggcgtc cagtgcgtcg ccgacgtcgt gatcaaccac 360 cgctgcgccg actacaagga cggccgcggc atctactgcg tcttcgaggg cggcacgccc 420 gacagccgcc tcgactgggg ccccgacatg atctgcagcg acgacacgca gtactccaac 480 gggcgcgggc accgcgacac gggggccgac ttcgccgccg cgcccgacat cgaccacctc 540 aacccgcgcg tgcagcagga gctctcggac tggctcaact ggctcaagtc cgacctcggc 600 ttcgacggct ggcgcctcga cttcgccaag ggctactccg ccgccgtcgc caaggtgtac 660 gtcgacagca ccgcccccac cttcgtcgtc gccgagatat ggagctccct ccactacgac 720 ggcaacggcg agccgtccag caaccaggac gccgacaggc aggagctggt caactgggcg 780 caggcggtgg gcggccccgc cgcggcgttc gacttcacca ccaagggcgt gctgcaggcg 840 gccgtccagg gcgagctgtg gcgcatgaag gacggcaacg gcaaggcgcc cgggatgatc 900 ggctggctgc cggagaaggc cgtcacgttc gtcgacaacc acgacaccgg ctccacgcag 960 aactcgtggc cattcccctc cgacaaggtc atgcagggct acgcctatat cctcacgcac 1020 ccaggaactc catgcatctt ctacgaccac gttttcgact ggaacctgaa gcaggagatc 1080 agcgcgctgt ctgcggtgag gtcaagaaac gggatccacc cggggagcga gctgaacatc 1140 ctcgccgccg acggggatct ctacgtcgcc aagattgacg acaaggtcat cgtgaagatc 1200 gggtcacggt acgacgtcgg gaacctgatc ccctcagact tccacgccgt tgcccctggc 1260 aacaactact gcgtttggga gaagcacggt ctgagagttc cagcggggcg gcaccactag 1320 53 45 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 53 Ala Thr Gly Gly Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Gly Ser Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Val Thr Ser Thr Ser Lys Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ser Lys Thr Ser Thr 20 25 30 Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr Ser Cys Thr Thr Pro Thr Ala Val 35 40 45 54 137 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 54 gccaccggcg gcaccaccac caccgccacc accaccggct ccggcggcgt gacctccacc 60 tccaagacca ccaccaccgc ctccaagacc tccaccacca cctcctccac ctcctgcacc 120 accccgaccg ccgtgtc 137 55 300 PRT Pyrococcus furiosus 55 Ile Tyr Phe Val Glu Lys Tyr His Thr Ser Glu Asp Lys Ser Thr Ser 1 5 10 15 Asn Thr Ser Ser Thr Pro Pro Gln Thr Thr Leu Ser Thr Thr Lys Val 20 25 30 Leu Lys Ile Arg Tyr Pro Asp Asp Gly Glu Trp Pro Gly Ala Pro Ile 35 40 45 Asp Lys Asp Gly Asp Gly Asn Pro Glu Phe Tyr Ile Glu Ile Asn Leu 50 55 60 Trp Asn Ile Leu Asn Ala Thr Gly Phe Ala Glu Met Thr Tyr Asn Leu 65 70 75 80 Thr Ser Gly Val Leu His Tyr Val Gln Gln Leu Asp Asn Ile Val Leu 85 90 95 Arg Asp Arg Ser Asn Trp Val His Gly Tyr Pro Glu Ile Phe Tyr Gly 100 105 110 Asn Lys Pro Trp Asn Ala Asn Tyr Ala Thr Asp Gly Pro Ile Pro Leu 115 120 125 Pro Ser Lys Val Ser Asn Leu Thr Asp Phe Tyr Leu Thr Ile Ser Tyr 130 135 140 Lys Leu Glu Pro Lys Asn Gly Leu Pro Ile Asn Phe Ala Ile Glu Ser 145 150 155 160 Trp Leu Thr Arg Glu Ala Trp Arg Thr Thr Gly Ile Asn Ser Asp Glu 165 170 175 Gln Glu Val Met Ile Trp Ile Tyr Tyr Asp Gly Leu Gln Pro Ala Gly 180 185 190 Ser Lys Val Lys Glu Ile Val Val Pro Ile Ile Val Asn Gly Thr Pro 195 200 205 Val Asn Ala Thr Phe Glu Val Trp Lys Ala Asn Ile Gly Trp Glu Tyr 210 215 220 Val Ala Phe Arg Ile Lys Thr Pro Ile Lys Glu Gly Thr Val Thr Ile 225 230 235 240 Pro Tyr Gly Ala Phe Ile Ser Val Ala Ala Asn Ile Ser Ser Leu Pro 245 250 255 Asn Tyr Thr Glu Leu Tyr Leu Glu Asp Val Glu Ile Gly Thr Glu Phe 260 265 270 Gly Thr Pro Ser Thr Thr Ser Ala His Leu Glu Trp Trp Ile Thr Asn 275 280 285 Ile Thr Leu Thr Pro Leu Asp Arg Pro Leu Ile Ser 290 295 300 56 903 DNA Pyrococcus furiosus 56 atctacttcg tggagaagta ccacacctcc gaggacaagt ccacctccaa cacctcctcc 60 accccgccgc agaccaccct ctccaccacc aaggtgctca agatccgcta cccggacgac 120 ggcgagtggc ccggcgcccc gatcgacaag gacggcgacg gcaacccgga gttctacatc 180 gagatcaacc tctggaacat cctcaacgcc accggcttcg ccgagatgac ctacaacctc 240 actagtggcg tgctccacta cgtgcagcag ctcgacaaca tcgtgctccg cgaccgctcc 300 aactgggtgc acggctaccc ggaaatcttc tacggcaaca agccgtggaa cgccaactac 360 gccaccgacg gcccgatccc gctcccgtcc aaggtgtcca acctcaccga cttctacctc 420 accatctcct acaagctcga gccgaagaac ggtctcccga tcaacttcgc catcgagtcc 480 tggctcaccc gcgaggcctg gcgcaccacc ggcatcaact ccgacgagca ggaggtgatg 540 atctggatct actacgacgg cctccagccc gcgggctcca aggtgaagga gatcgtggtg 600 ccgatcatcg tgaacggcac cccggtgaac gccaccttcg aggtgtggaa ggccaacatc 660 ggctgggagt acgtggcctt ccgcatcaag accccgatca aggagggcac cgtgaccatc 720 ccgtacggcg ccttcatctc cgtggccgcc aacatctcct ccctcccgaa ctacaccgag 780 aagtacctcg aggacgtgga gatcggcacc gagttcggca ccccgtccac cacctccgcc 840 cacctcgagt ggtggatcac caacatcacc ctcaccccgc tcgaccgccc gctcatctcc 900 tag 903 57 387 PRT Thermus flavus 57 Met Tyr Glu Pro Lys Pro Glu His Arg Phe Thr Phe Gly Leu Trp Thr 1 5 10 15 Val Asp Asn Val Asp Arg Asp Pro Phe Gly Asp Thr Val Arg Glu Arg 20 25 30 Leu Asp Pro Val Tyr Val Val His Lys Leu Ala Glu Leu Gly Ala Tyr 35 40 45 Gly Val Asn Leu His Asp Glu Asp Leu Ile Pro Arg Gly Thr Pro Pro 50 55 60 Gln Glu Arg Asp Gln Ile Val Arg Arg Phe Lys Lys Ala Leu Asp Glu 65 70 75 80 Thr Val Leu Lys Val Pro Met Val Thr Ala Asn Leu Phe Ser Glu Pro 85 90 95 Ala Phe Arg Asp Gly Ala Ser Thr Thr Arg Asp Pro Trp Val Trp Ala 100 105 110 Tyr Ala Leu Arg Lys Ser Leu Glu Thr Met Asp Leu Gly Ala Glu Leu 115 120 125 Gly Ala Glu Ile Tyr Met Phe Trp Met Val Arg Glu Arg Ser Glu Val 130 135 140 Glu Ser Thr Asp Lys Thr Arg Lys Val Trp Asp Trp Val Arg Glu Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Asn Phe Met Thr Ala Tyr Thr Glu Asp Gln Gly Tyr Gly Tyr Arg 165 170 175 Phe Ser Val Glu Pro Lys Pro Asn Glu Pro Arg Gly Asp Ile Tyr Phe 180 185 190 Thr Thr Val Gly Ser Met Leu Ala Leu Ile His Thr Leu Asp Arg Pro 195 200 205 Glu Arg Phe Gly Leu Asn Pro Glu Phe Ala His Glu Thr Met Ala Gly 210 215 220 Leu Asn Phe Asp His Ala Val Ala Gln Ala Val Asp Ala Gly Lys Leu 225 230 235 240 Phe His Ile Asp Leu Asn Asp Gln Arg Met Ser Arg Phe Asp Gln Asp 245 250 255 Leu Arg Phe Gly Ser Glu Asn Leu Lys Ala Gly Phe Phe Leu Val Asp 260 265 270 Leu Leu Glu Ser Ser Gly Tyr Gln Gly Pro Arg His Phe Glu Ala His 275 280 285 Ala Leu Arg Thr Glu Asp Glu Glu Gly Val Trp Thr Phe Val Arg Val 290 295 300 Cys Met Arg Thr Tyr Leu Ile Ile Lys Val Arg Ala Glu Thr Phe Arg 305 310 315 320 Glu Asp Pro Glu Val Lys Glu Leu Leu Ala Ala Tyr Tyr Gln Glu Asp 325 330 335 Pro Ala Thr Leu Ala Leu Leu Asp Pro Tyr Ser Arg Glu Lys Ala Glu 340 345 350 Ala Leu Lys Arg Ala Glu Leu Pro Leu Glu Thr Lys Arg Arg Arg Gly 355 360 365 Tyr Ala Leu Glu Arg Leu Asp Gln Leu Ala Val Glu Tyr Leu Leu Gly 370 375 380 Val Arg Gly 385 58 978 DNA Artificial Sequence synthetic 58 atggggaaga acggcaacct gtgctgcttc tctctgctgc tgcttcttct cgccgggttg 60 gcgtccggcc atcaaatcta cttcgtggag aagtaccaca cctccgagga caagtccacc 120 tccaacacct cctccacccc gccgcagacc accctctcca ccaccaaggt gctcaagatc 180 cgctacccgg acgacggtga gtggcccggc gccccgatcg acaaggacgg cgacggcaac 240 ccggagttct acatcgagat caacctctgg aacatcctca acgccaccgg cttcgccgag 300 atgacctaca acctcactag tggcgtgctc cactacgtgc agcagctcga caacatcgtg 360 ctccgcgacc gctccaactg ggtgcacggc tacccggaaa tcttctacgg caacaagccg 420 tggaacgcca actacgccac cgacggcccg atcccgctcc cgtccaaggt gtccaacctc 480 accgacttct acctcaccat ctcctacaag ctcgagccga agaacggtct cccgatcaac 540 ttcgccatcg agtcctggct cacccgcgag gcctggcgca ccaccggcat caactccgac 600 gagcaggagg tgatgatctg gatctactac gacggcctcc agcccgcggg ctccaaggtg 660 aaggagatcg tggtgccgat catcgtgaac ggcaccccgg tgaacgccac cttcgaggtg 720 tggaaggcca acatcggctg ggagtacgtg gccttccgca tcaagacccc gatcaaggag 780 ggcaccgtga ccatcccgta cggcgccttc atctccgtgg ccgccaacat ctcctccctc 840 ccgaactaca ccgagaagta cctcgaggac gtggagatcg gcaccgagtt cggcaccccg 900 tccaccacct ccgcccacct cgagtggtgg atcaccaaca tcaccctcac cccgctcgac 960 cgcccgctca tctcctag 978 59 1920 DNA Aspergillus niger 59 atgtccttcc gctccctcct cgccctctcc ggcctcgtgt gcaccggcct cgccaacgtg 60 atctccaagc gcgccaccct cgactcctgg ctctccaacg aggccaccgt ggcccgcacc 120 gccatcctca acaacatcgg cgccgacggc gcctgggtgt ccggcgccga ctccggcatc 180 gtggtggcct ccccgtccac cgacaacccg gactacttct acacctggac ccgcgactcc 240 ggcctcgtgc tcaagaccct cgtggacctc ttccgcaacg gcgacacctc cctcctctcc 300 accatcgaga actacatctc cgcccaggcc atcgtgcagg gcatctccaa cccgtccggc 360 gacctctcct ccggcgccgg cctcggcgag ccgaagttca acgtggacga gaccgcctac 420 accggctcct ggggccgccc gcagcgcgac ggcccggccc tccgcgccac cgccatgatc 480 ggcttcggcc agtggctcct cgacaacggc tacacctcca ccgccaccga catcgtgtgg 540 ccgctcgtgc gcaacgacct ctcctacgtg gcccagtact ggaaccagac cggctacgac 600 ctctgggagg aggtgaacgg ctcctccttc ttcaccatcg ccgtgcagca ccgcgccctc 660 gtggagggct ccgccttcgc caccgccgtg ggctcctcct gctcctggtg cgactcccag 720 gccccggaga tcctctgcta cctccagtcc ttctggaccg gctccttcat cctcgccaac 780 ttcgactcct cccgctccgg caaggacgcc aacaccctcc tcggctccat ccacaccttc 840 gacccggagg ccgcctgcga cgactccacc ttccagccgt gctccccgcg cgccctcgcc 900 aaccacaagg aggtggtgga ctccttccgc tccatctaca ccctcaacga cggcctctcc 960 gactccgagg ccgtggccgt gggccgctac ccggaggaca cctactacaa cggcaacccg 1020 tggttcctct gcaccctcgc cgccgccgag cagctctacg acgccctcta ccagtgggac 1080 aagcagggct ccctcgaggt gaccgacgtg tccctcgact tcttcaaggc cctctactcc 1140 gacgccgcca ccggcaccta ctcctcctcc tcctccacct actcctccat cgtggacgcc 1200 gtgaagacct tcgccgacgg cttcgtgtcc atcgtggaga cccacgccgc ctccaacggc 1260 tccatgtccg agcagtacga caagtccgac ggcgagcagc tctccgcccg cgacctcacc 1320 tggtcctacg ccgccctcct caccgccaac aaccgccgca actccgtggt gccggcctcc 1380 tggggcgaga cctccgcctc ctccgtgccg ggcacctgcg ccgccacctc cgccatcggc 1440 acctactcct ccgtgaccgt gacctcctgg ccgtccatcg tggccaccgg cggcaccacc 1500 accaccgcca ccccgaccgg ctccggctcc gtgacctcca cctccaagac caccgccacc 1560 gcctccaaga cctccacctc cacctcctcc acctcctgca ccaccccgac cgccgtggcc 1620 gtgaccttcg acctcaccgc caccaccacc tacggcgaga acatctacct cgtgggctcc 1680 atctcccagc tcggcgactg ggagacctcc gacggcatcg ccctctccgc cgacaagtac 1740 acctcctccg acccgctctg gtacgtgacc gtgaccctcc cggccggcga gtccttcgag 1800 tacaagttca tccgcatcga gtccgacgac tccgtggagt gggagtccga cccgaaccgc 1860 gagtacaccg tgccgcaggc ctgcggcacc tccaccgcca ccgtgaccga cacctggcgc 1920 60 6 PRT Artificial Sequence synthetic 60 Ser Glu Lys Asp Glu Leu 1 5 

We claim:
 1. An isolated polynucleotide a) comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or the complement thereof, or a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity or b) encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, or 51 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.
 2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide comprising a first polypeptide and a second peptide, wherein said first polypeptide has α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity.
 3. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 2, wherein said second peptide comprises a signal sequence peptide.
 4. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 3, wherein said signal sequence peptide targets the first polypeptide to a vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant.
 5. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 3, wherein said signal sequence is an N-terminal signal sequence from waxy, an N-terminal signal sequence from γ-zein, a starch binding domain, or a C-terminal starch binding domain.
 6. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase activity.
 7. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having pullulanase activity.
 8. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide hybridizes to the complement of SEQ ID NO:6 and encodes a polypeptide having α-glucosidase activity.
 9. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having glucose isomerase activity.
 10. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having glucoamylase activity.
 11. An isolated polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 9, or a complement thereof.
 12. An isolated polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25, or a complement thereof.
 13. An isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6 or a complement thereof.
 14. An isolated polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43, or a complement thereof.
 15. An isolated polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59, or a complement thereof.
 16. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide a) having SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or the complement thereof, or a polynucleotide which hybridizes to the complement of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, or 59 or under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes an polypeptide having α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or glucoamylase activity or b) encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, or 51, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.
 17. The expression cassette of claim 16, which is operably linked to a promoter.
 18. The expression cassette of claim 17, wherein the promoter is an inducible promoter.
 19. The expression cassette of claim 17, wherein the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter.
 20. The expression cassette of claim 19, wherein the promoter is an endosperm-specific promoter.
 21. The expression cassette of claim 20, wherein the endosperm-specific promoter is a maize γ-zein promoter or a maize ADP-gpp promoter.
 22. The expression cassette of claim 21, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO:12.
 23. The expression cassette of claim 16, wherein the polynucleotide is oriented in sense orientation relative to the promoter.
 24. The expression cassette of claim 16, wherein the polynucleotide of a) further encodes a signal sequence which is operably linked to the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide.
 25. The expression cassette of claim 24, wherein the signal sequence targets the operably linked polypeptide to a vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant.
 26. The expression cassette of claim 25, wherein the signal sequence is an N-terminal signal sequence from waxy or an N-terminal signal sequence from γ-zein.
 27. The expression cassette of claim 25, wherein the signal sequence is a starch binding domain.
 28. The expression cassette of claim 16, wherein the polynucleotide of b) is operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter.
 29. The expression cassette of claim 28, wherein the tissue-specific promoter is a Zea mays γ-zein promoter or a Zea mays ADP-gpp promoter.
 30. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 9, or a complement thereof.
 31. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6 or a complement thereof.
 32. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or 43, or a complement thereof.
 33. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or 59 or a complement thereof.
 34. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25, or a complement thereof.
 35. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, or 51 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.
 36. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, 35, or 51 or an active fragment thereof having α-amylase activity.
 37. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 3, 24, or 34, or an active fragment thereof having pullulanase activity.
 38. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 5, 26 or 27 or an active fragment thereof having α-glucosidase activity.
 39. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:18, 20, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, or 44, or an active fragment thereof having glucose isomerase activity.
 40. An expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, 47, or 49, or an active fragment thereof having glucoamylase activity.
 41. A vector comprising the expression cassette of claim
 16. 42. A vector comprising the expression cassette of any one of claims 30-40.
 43. A cell containing the expression cassette of claim
 16. 44. A cell containing the expression cassette of any one of claims 30-40.
 45. The cell of claim 44, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of an Agrobacterium, a monocot cell, a dicot cell, a Liliopsida cell, a Panicoideae cell, a maize cell, and a cereal cell.
 46. The cell of claim 45, wherein the cell is a maize cell.
 47. The cell of claim 45, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of an Agrobacterium, a monocot cell, a dicot cell, a Liliopsida cell, a Panicoideae cell, a maize cell, and a cereal cell.
 48. The cell of claim 47, wherein the cell is a maize cell.
 49. A plant stably transformed with the vector of claim
 41. 50. A plant stably transformed with the vector of claim
 42. 51. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an α-amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 2 or
 9. 52. The plant of claim 51, wherein said α-amylase is hyperthermophilic.
 53. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a pullulanase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:24 or 34, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:4 or
 25. 54. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an α-glucosidase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:26 or 27, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6.
 55. The plant of claim 54, wherein said α-glucosidase is hyperthermophilic.
 56. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising an glucose isomerase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:18, 20, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, pr 44, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or
 43. 57. The plant of claim 56, wherein said α-glucosidase is hyperthermophilic.
 58. A plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a glucose amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:45, 47, or 49, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:46, 48, 50, or
 59. 59. The plant of claim 58, wherein said glucose amylase is hyperthermophilic.
 60. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 49. 61. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 50. 62. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 51. 63. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 53. 64. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 54. 65. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 56. 66. Seed, fruit or grain from the plant of claim
 58. 67. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the plant.
 68. The plant of claim 67, wherein the plant is a monocot.
 69. The plant of claim 68, wherein the monocot is maize.
 70. The plant of claim 67, wherein the plant is a dicot.
 71. The plant of claim 67, wherein the plant is a cereal plant or a commercially grown plant.
 72. The plant of claim 67, wherein the processing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of an α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, glucanase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, amylopullulanase, cellulase, exo-1,4-β-cellobiohydrolase, exo-1,3-β-D-glucanase, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, L-arabinase, α-arabinosidase, galactanase, galactosidase, mannanase, mannosidase, xylanase, xylosidase, protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase.
 73. The plant of claim 72, wherein the processing enzyme is a starch-processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, β-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, and amylopullulanase.
 74. The plant of claim 73, wherein the enzyme is selected from α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase.
 75. The plant of claim 74, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 76. The plant of claim 72, wherein the enzyme is a non-starch degrading enzyme selected from the group consisting of protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase.
 77. The plant of claim 76, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 78. The plant of claim 67, wherein the enzyme accumulates in the vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, starch granule, seed or cell wall of a plant.
 79. The plant of claim 78, wherein the enzyme accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum.
 80. The plant of claim 78, wherein the enzyme accumulates in the starch granule.
 81. The plant of claim 67, the genome of which is further augmented with a second recombinant polynucleotide comprising a non-hyperthermophilic enzyme.
 82. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase, operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the plant.
 83. The transformed plant of claim 82, wherein the processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 84. The transformed plant of claim 82, wherein the plant is maize.
 85. A transformed maize plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide encoding at least one processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase, operably linked to a promoter sequence, the sequence of which polynucleotide is optimized for expression in the maize plant.
 86. The transformed maize plant of claim 85, wherein the processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 87. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence.
 88. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 4 or 25, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence.
 89. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 6, operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence.
 90. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO:19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or
 43. 91. A transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with a recombinant polynucleotide having the SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or
 59. 92. A product of the transformed plant of claim
 82. 93. A product of the transformed plant of claim
 85. 94. A product of the transformed plant of any one of claims 87-91.
 95. The product of claim 92, wherein the product is seed, fruit, or grain.
 96. The product of claim 92, wherein the product is the processing enzyme, starch or sugar.
 97. A plant obtained from the plant of claim
 82. 98. A plant obtained from the plant of claim
 85. 99. A plant obtained from the plant of any one of claims 87-91.
 100. The plant o f claim 97, which is a hybrid plant.
 101. The plant of claim 98, which is a hybrid plant.
 102. The plant of claim 99, which is a hybrid plant.
 103. The plant of claim 97, which is a inbred plant.
 104. The plant of claim 98, which is an inbred plant.
 105. The plant of claim 99, which is an inbred plant.
 106. A starch composition comprising at least one processing enzyme which is a protease, glucanase, or esterase.
 107. The starch composition of claim 106, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 108. Grain comprising at least one processing enzyme, which is an α-amylase, pullulanase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, or glucose isomerase.
 109. The grain of claim 108, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 110. A method of preparing starch granules, comprising; a) treating grain which comprises at least one non-starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, yielding a mixture comprising starch granules and non-starch degradation products, wherein the grain is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) separating starch granules from the mixture.
 111. The method of claim 110, wherein the enzyme is a protease, glucanase, xylanase, phytase, or esterase.
 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 113. The method of claim 110, wherein the grain is cracked grain.
 114. The method of claim 110, wherein the grain is treated under low moisture conditions.
 115. The method of claim 110, wherein the grain is treated under high moisture conditions.
 116. The method of claim 110, wherein the grain is treated with sulfur dioxide.
 117. The method of claim 110, further comprising separating non-starch products from the mixture.
 118. Starch obtained by the method of claim
 110. 119. Starch obtained by the method of claim
 112. 120. Non-starch products obtained by the method of claim
 110. 121. Non-starch products obtained by the method of claim
 112. 122. A method to produce hypersweet corn comprising treating transformed corn or a part thereof, the genome of which is augmented with and expresses in the endosperm an expression cassette encoding at least one starch-degrading or starch-isomerizing enzyme, under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme so as to convert polysaccharides in the corn into sugar, yielding hypersweet corn.
 123. The method of claim 122, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a promoter operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the enzyme.
 124. The method of claim 123, wherein the promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 125. The method of claim 123, wherein the promoter is a seed-specific promoter.
 126. The method of claim 123, wherein the promoter is an endosperm-specific promoter.
 127. The method of claim 123, wherein the enzyme is a hyperthermophilic.
 128. The method of claim 127, wherein the enzyme is α-amylase.
 129. The method of claim 122, wherein the expression cassette further comprises a polynucleotide which encodes a signal sequence operably linked to the at least one enzyme.
 130. The method of claim 129, wherein the signal sequence directs the hyperthermophilic enzyme to the apoplast.
 131. The method of claim 129, wherein the signal sequence directs the hyperthermophilic enzyme to endoplasmic reticulum.
 132. The method of claim 122, wherein the enzyme comprises any one of SEQ ID NO: 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or
 35. 133. A method of producing hypersweet corn comprising treating transformed corn or a part thereof, the genome of which is augmented with and expresses in the endosperm an expression cassette encoding an α-amylase, under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme so as to convert polysaccharides in the corn into sugar, yielding hypersweet corn.
 134. The method of claim 133, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 135. The method of claim 134, wherein the hyperthermophilic α-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO:10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof having α-amylase activity.
 136. The method of claim 134, wherein the expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide selected from any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52, a complement thereof, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes to any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, or 52 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase activity
 137. A method to prepare a solution of hydrolyzed starch product comprising; a) treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising hydrolyzed starch product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme; and b) collecting the aqueous solution comprising the hydrolyzed starch product.
 138. The method of claim 137, wherein the hydrolyzed starch product comprises a dextrin, maltooligosaccharide, sugar, and/or mixtures thereof.
 139. The method of claim 137, wherein the enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, amylopullulanase, glucose isomerase, β-amylase, isoamylase, neopullulanase, iso-pullulanase, or any combination thereof.
 140. The method of claim 137, wherein the at least one processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 141. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 142. The method of claim 137, wherein the genome of the plant part is further augmented with an expression cassette encoding a non-hyperthermophilic starch processing enzyme.
 143. The method of claim 142, wherein the non-hyperthermophilic starch processing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or a combination thereof.
 144. The method of claim 137, wherein the at least one processing enzyme is expressed in the endosperm.
 145. The method of claim 137, wherein the plant part is grain.
 146. The method of claim 137, wherein the plant part is from corn, wheat, barley, rye, oat, sugar cane or rice.
 147. The method of claim 137, wherein the at least one processing enzyme is operably linked to a promoter and to a signal sequence that targets the enzyme to the starch granule or the endoplasmic reticulum, or to the cell wall.
 148. The method of claim 137, further comprising isolating the hydrolyzed starch product.
 149. The method of claim 137, further comprising fermenting the hydrolyzed starch product.
 150. A method of preparing hydrolyzed starch product comprising a) treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising a hydrolyzed starch product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding at least one α-amylase; and b) collecting the aqueous solution comprising hydrolyzed starch product.
 151. The method of claim 150, wherein the α-amylase is hyperthermophilic.
 152. The method of claim 151, wherein the hyperthermophilic α-amylase comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or an active fragment thereof having α-amylase activity.
 153. The method of claim 151, wherein the expression cassette comprises a polynucleotide selected from any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or 52, a complement thereof, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes to any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or 52 under low stringency hybridization conditions and encodes a polypeptide having α-amylase activity.
 154. The method of claim 150, wherein the genome of the transformed plant further comprises a polynucleotide encoding a non-thermophilic starch-processing enzyme.
 155. The method of claim 150 further comprising treating the plant part with a non-hyperthermophilic starch-processing enzyme.
 156. A transformed plant part comprising at least one starch-processing enzyme present in the cells of the plant, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme.
 157. The plant part of claim 156, wherein the enzyme is a starch-processing enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, β-amylase, α-glucosidase, isoamylase, pullulanase, neo-pullulanase, iso-pullulanase, and amylopullulanase.
 158. The plant part of clam 156, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 159. The plant part of claim 156, wherein the plant is corn.
 160. A transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme present in the cell wall or the cells of the plant, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch processing enzyme or at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme.
 161. The plant part of claim 160, wherein the enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 162. The plant part of claim 160, wherein the non-starch processing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of protease, glucanase, xylanase, esterase, phytase, and lipase.
 163. The plant part of claim 156 or 160, which is an ear, seed, fruit, grain, stover, chaff, or bagasse.
 164. A transformed plant part comprising an α-amylase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 2, 9, 46, or
 52. 165. A transformed plant part comprising an α-glucosidase having an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 5, 26 or 27, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6.
 166. A transformed plant part comprising a glucose isomerase having the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, or 44, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or
 43. 167. A transformed plant part comprising a glucoamylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 or SEQ ID NO:47, or SEQ ID NO:49, or encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 46, 48, 50, or
 59. 168. A transformed plant part comprising a pullulanase encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 4 or
 25. 169. A method of converting starch in the transformed plant part of claim 156 comprising activating the starch processing enzyme contained therein.
 170. A method of converting starch to starch-derived product in the transformed plant part of any one of claims 164-168 comprising activating the enzyme contained therein.
 171. Starch, dextrin, maltooligosaccharide or sugar produced according to the method of claim
 169. 172. Starch, dextrin, maltooligosaccharide or sugar produced according to the method of claim
 170. 173. A method of using a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme in the cell wall or the cell of the plant part, comprising: a) treating a transformed plant part comprising at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions so as to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting non-starch polysaccharide to form an aqueous solution comprising oligosaccharide and/or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme; and b) collecting the aqueous solution comprising the oligosaccharides and/or sugars.
 174. The method of claim 173, wherein the non-starch polysaccharide processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 175. A method of using transformed seeds comprising at least one processing enzyme, comprising; a) treating transformed seeds which comprise at least one protease or lipase under conditions so as the activate the at least one enzyme yielding an aqueous mixture comprising amino acids and fatty acids, wherein the seed is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) collecting the aqueous mixture.
 176. The method of claim 175, wherein the amino acids, fatty acids or both are isolated.
 177. The method of claim 175, wherein the at least one protease or lipase is hyperthermophilic.
 178. A method to prepare ethanol comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form oligosaccharide or fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme; and b) incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar or oligosaccharide into ethanol.
 179. The method of claim 178, wherein the plant part is a grain, fruit, seed, stalks, wood, vegetable or root.
 180. The method of claim 178, wherein the plant part is obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of oats, barley, wheat, berry, grapes, rye, corn, rice, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapple, grasses and trees.
 181. The method of claim 178, wherein the polysaccharide processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, pullulanase, or a combination thereof.
 182. The method of claim 178, wherein the polysaccharide processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 183. The method of claim 178, wherein the polysaccharide processing enzyme is mesophilic.
 184. The method of claim 181, wherein the polysaccharide processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 185. A method to prepare ethanol comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoarnylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or pullulanase, or a combination thereof, with heat for an amount of time and under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol.
 186. The method of claim 185, wherein the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 187. The method of claim 185, wherein the at least one enzyme is mesophilic.
 188. The method of claim 185, wherein the α-amylase has the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, or 35, or is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 2 or
 9. 189. The method of claim 185, wherein the α-glucosidase has the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 5, 26 or 27, or is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:6.
 190. The method of claim 185, wherein the glucose isomerase has the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 42, or 44, or is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any one of SEQ ID NO: 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, or
 43. 191. The method of claim 185, wherein the glucoamylase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, or is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:46, 48, or
 50. 192. The method of claim 185, wherein the pullulanase has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 or 34, or is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any of SEQ ID NO:4 or
 25. 193. A method to prepare ethanol comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising at least one non-starch processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting non-starch polysaccharide to oligosaccharide and fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol.
 194. The method of claim 193, wherein the non-starch processing enzyme is a glucanase, xylanase or cellulase.
 195. A method to prepare ethanol comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, glucose isomerase, or pullulanase, or a combination thereof, under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting polysaccharide to form fermentable sugar, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) incubating the fermentable sugar under conditions that promote the conversion of the fermentable sugar into ethanol.
 196. The method of claim 195, wherein the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 197. A method to produce a sweetened farinaceous food product without adding additional sweetener comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby processing starch granules in the plant part to sugars so as to form a sweetened product, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) processing the sweetened product into a farinaceous food product.
 198. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product is formed from the sweetened product and water.
 199. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product contains malt, flavorings, vitamins, minerals, coloring agents or any combination thereof.
 200. The method of claim 197, wherein the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 201. The method of claim 197, wherein the enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof.
 202. The method of claim 197, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, rye, oats, barley, wheat, corn, rice and sugar cane.
 203. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product is a cereal food.
 204. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product is a breakfast food.
 205. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product is a ready to eat food.
 206. The method of claim 197, wherein the farinaceous food product is a baked food.
 207. The method of claim 197, wherein the processing is baking, boiling, heating, steaming, electrical discharge or any combination thereof.
 208. A method to sweeten a starch-containing product without adding sweetener comprising: a) treating starch comprising at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions to activate the at least one enzyme thereby digesting the starch to form a sugar to form sweetened starch, wherein the starch is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one enzyme; and b) adding the sweetened starch to a product to produce a sweetened starch containing product.
 209. The method of claim 208, wherein the transformed plant is selected from the group consisting of corn, soybean, rye, oats, barley, wheat, rice and sugar cane.
 210. The method of claim 208, wherein the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 211. The method of claim 208, wherein the at least one enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof.
 212. A farinaceous food product obtained by the method of claim
 197. 213. A sweetened starch containing product obtained by the method of claim
 208. 214. A method to sweeten a polysaccharide-containing fruit or vegetable comprising treating a fruit or vegetable comprising at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby processing the polysaccharide in the fruit or vegetable to form sugar, yielding a sweetened fruit or vegetable, wherein the fruit or vegetable is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one polysaccharide processing enzyme.
 215. The method of claim 214, wherein the fruit or vegetable is selected from the group consisting of potato, tomato, banana, squash, peas, and beans.
 216. The method of claim 214, wherein the at least one enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 217. The method of claim 214, wherein the enzyme is α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, glucose isomerase, or any combination thereof.
 218. A method of preparing an aqueous solution comprising sugar comprising treating starch granules obtained from the plant part of claim 156 under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme, thereby yielding an aqueous solution comprising sugar.
 219. A method of preparing starch derived products from grain that does not involve wet or dry milling grain prior to recovery of starch-derived products comprising; a) treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one starch processing enzyme; and b) collecting the aqueous solution comprising the starch derived product.
 220. The method of claim 219, wherein the at least one starch processing enzyme is hyperthermophilic.
 221. A method of isolating an α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase comprising culturing the transformed plant of claim 82 and isolating the α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase therefrom.
 222. The method of claim 221, wherein the α-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, α-glucosidase, and pullulanase is hyperthermophilic.
 223. A method of preparing maltodextrin comprising: a.) mixing transgenic grain with water; b.) heating said mixture c.) separating solid from the dextrin syrup generated in (b) and d.) collecting the maltodextrin.
 224. The method of claim 223, wherein the transgenic grain comprises at least one starch processing enzyme.
 225. The method of claim 224, wherein the starch processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose isomerase.
 226. The method of claim 225, wherein at least one of the starch processing enzymes is hyperthermophilic.
 227. Maltodextrin produced by the method of any one of claims 223-226.
 228. A maltodextrin composition produced by the method of any one of claim 223-226.
 229. A method of preparing dextrins, or sugars from grain that does not involve mechanical disruption of the grain prior to recovery of starch-derived comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme; and b) collecting the aqueous solution comprising sugar and/or dextrins.
 230. The method of claim 229, wherein the starch processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose isomerase.
 231. A method of producing fermentable sugar comprising: a) treating a plant part comprising starch granules and at least one starch processing enzyme under conditions which activate the at least one enzyme thereby processing the starch granules to form an aqueous solution comprising dextrins or sugars, wherein the plant part is obtained from a transformed plant, the genome of which is augmented with an expression cassette encoding the at least one processing enzyme; and c) collecting the aqueous solution comprising the fermentable sugar.
 232. The method of claim 231, wherein the starch processing enzyme is α-amylase, glucoamylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose isomerase.
 233. A maize plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a hyperthermophlic α-amylase.
 234. A maize plant stably transformed with a vector comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes α-amylase that is greater than 60% identical to SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:
 51. 